<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2380-4327</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jhepgc.2016.21002</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC-62304</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Gedanken Experiment for Fluctuation of Mass of a Graviton, Based on the Trace of GR Stress Energy Tensor-Pre Planckian Conditions that Lead to Gaining of Graviton Mass, and Planckian Conditions That Lead to Graviton Mass Shrinking to 10&lt;sup&gt;-62&lt;/sup&gt; Grams
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>ndrew</surname><given-names>Walcott Beckwith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Physics Department, Chongqing University Huxi Campus, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>Rwill9955b@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>02</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day>	<month>October</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>26</month>	<year>December</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day>	<month>December</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  We will be looking at the energy of a graviton, based upon the Stress energy tensor, and from there ascertaining how fluctuations in early universe conditions impact the mass of a graviton. Physically the mass of the graviton would be shrinking right after Planck time and presumably it would be going to its equilibrium value of about 10
  <sup>-62</sup> grams, for its present day value. It, graviton mass, would increase up to the Plank time of about 10
  <sup>-44</sup> seconds. Note that the result that graviton mass shrinks to 10
  <sup>-62</sup> grams for its present day value works only for relic gravitons.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Heavy Gravity</kwd><kwd> Plank Time</kwd><kwd> Stress Energy Tensor</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction, Setting up for Calculation of Using the Results of Initial Energy as Due to <img src="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x6.png" /> and Comparing It to a More General Energy Expression Given Below</title><p>Start off with looking at from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] , a generalized energy expression with momentum also obeying, if m is for graviton mass. Begin with from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] .</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1279"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1280"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Next, from Giovannini [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref2">2</xref>] , if T is the trace of the Stress-Energy tensor, we have that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1281"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1282"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>If so, then, the fluctuation of energy would be represented, if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and we have [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref3">3</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1283"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then if we go to look at what [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>then is saying, the above is then rendered</p><p>as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1284"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Note that the presence of the mass reduces the speed of gravitons with respect to the speed of light. As has stressed repeatedly by Dr. Corda and his collaborators. Corda and collaborators have stated that this massive graviton mass leads to a situation for which the graviton generates a longitudinal component of strain in the arms of a interferometric detector. This point is made abundantly clear in clarified in the papers of Prof. Corda and collaborators, i.e. see references [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref4">4</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref9">9</xref>] . This will be of crucial importance in the concluding remarks of this document. Next. Let us consider what happens if there is a fluctuation in Graviton mass.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Utilizing Equation (6) in Terms of the Initial Fluctuation of the Graviton Mass</title><p>From [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref10">10</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>] , use</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1285"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Identifying Change in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>: This Is the Input into Equation (7), Assuming <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title><p>We follow what to expect from <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref2">2</xref>] for</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1286"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>as a way to quantify energy density when we have what is coming from Weinberg [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>] on initial energy density and then from there to say something about initial time step and also potential energy as given Padmanbhan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] . Doing so will isolate out values of the Potential energy, as in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>] which will then be compared to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref1">1</xref>] ’s potential energy value, which in turn gets a value of time, which we will set by first considering the following evolution equation. From [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>] ,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1287"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, look at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>] as having the value of, if M is related to mass, with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> a variable parameter, which can be negative, with then a smallest value of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and a frequent value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as in the case of chaotic inflation. Here in general</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1288"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in the chase of chaotic inflation, i.e. one of the simplest models, whereas it can be positive up to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in other models. The results are though that with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>So, then the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1289"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And also look at Padmanabhan’s generalized inflation potential [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref12">12</xref>] , of comparing Equation (2) with Equation (12) below</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1290"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We have the Hubble parameter, if before Planck time, during Plank time <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1291"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, we could get the following variance in time, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1292"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Finding How to Use this Value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in Order to Estimate a Relic GW Frequency</title><p>If so, then, up to a point, in the Pre Plankian regime of space time, according to the signs on Equation (13) and</p><p>Equation (14) and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref11">11</xref>] for the change in <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Set then, in early universe conditions,</p><p>let us set, if we are considering gravitons, that we will set, say that the expression below would be for pre Planckian times, with t &lt; 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds. The upshot would be that there would be a GW frequency, in many cases, as a result of pre Planckian physics of greater than or equal 10<sup>32</sup> Hz, which would be red shifted down to about 10<sup>10</sup> Hz, i.e. a 22 order of magnitude drop, in the present era. This is assuming<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, as well as we are assuming N ~ 10<sup>37</sup>, as seen in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref11">11</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1293"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x39.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The M as given in this would correspond to the Mass value of the universe, which is roughly 3 &#215; 10<sup>55</sup> g (where g is for grams) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref13">13</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Conclusion: Putting Equation (15) into Equation (7). What It Says, Physically</title><p>Note that time in Equation (14) remains finite but very small, as it came out less than 10 to the minus 44 power seconds, less than Planck time, with the parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> usually less than 2. Time, in Equation (14) as estimate is actually negative, unless we have that we chose in Equation (14) the Pre Planckian option, which is saying that likely Planck time may not be the earliest sub division of time as we know it. This last point above will be important in our future research. As well as entropy production models due to discussions in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref14">14</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref18">18</xref>] in terms of entropy generation in the Pre Planckian era. The entropy values will influence the N used in Equation (15) above. After this is set, for Equation (15) we put Equation (15) into Equation (7) and thereby obtain</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1294"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The first term of Equation (16) roughly cancels with the number of gravitons, which approximately leaves</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62304-formula1295"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The change in graviton mass is not so much affected by N, entropy count, as this is partly neutralized by the near speed of light conditions, for massive gravitons. What is left though is the variation in total mass, M is divided by<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, which expands during the Pre Planckian space-time regime, and which shrinks right after Planckian time is breached, in the Planckian era (the Universe begins a massive deceleration. The term <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would usually be expected to be less than 2. With<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> chosen in the case of the very simple chaotic inflationary model.</p><p>Physically what this is saying is that the mass of the graviton would be shrinking right after Planck time and presumably it would be going to its equilibrium value of about 10<sup>−62</sup> grams [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref19">19</xref>] , for its present day value. It, graviton mass, would increase up to the Plank time of about 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds, i.e. the graviton will shrink to 10<sup>−62</sup> grams in the onset of inflation right after 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds, for a stable value of rest graviton mass up to the present day. We also, again state the critical importance of [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref4">4</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62304-ref9">9</xref>] as far as the physics, of the following statement that a massive graviton generates a longitudinal component of strain in the arms of an interferometric detector and that the simplest model to investigate as far as relic conditions would be the chaotic inflationary model chosen if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-2180057x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Andrew WalcottBeckwith, (2016) Gedanken Experiment for Fluctuation of Mass of a Graviton, Based on the Trace of GR Stress Energy Tensor-Pre Planckian Conditions that Lead to Gaining of Graviton Mass, and Planckian Conditions That Lead to Graviton Mass Shrinking to 10<sup>-62</sup> Grams. 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