Main pollutants of the urban scenic river in Nanjing City are studied in this paper. In the study area a total of 39 monitoring points are set in natural water, around pumping stations and near the tail water of sewage treatment plant. Through the monitoring of pollution sources of receiving conventional index, the pollution sources distribution and river pollution factors are detailed analyzed, as nutrient salts, heavy metals, and environmental endocrine disruptors. And sources of the pollution factors are analyzed by principal component analysis to get the main pollution factors in this channel.
Source Apportionment Distribution Water Environment Principal Component Analysis1. Introduction
At present, city river catchment comes mainly from tail water of wastewater treatment plant, straight row of sewage, and the upstream catchment [1] [2]. Besides conventional pollutants, the catchment water also contains toxic and harmful pollutants, including detergent, pathogenic microorganism, chlorination by-product, endocrine disruptors, high concentration heavy metal and pesticide etc. [3] [4].
A large number of epidemiological data showed that, environmental endocrine disruptors (environmental endocrine disruptors/endocrine disrupting chemicals, ECDs) can cause reproductive disorders, birth defects, developmental abnormalities, metabolic disorders and certain cancers, and is a major risk factor for the water environment in the world [5] [6]. The endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage are often detected with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalic acid esters (two PAEs), phenols, organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (polychilodnated-bipheneyls, referred to as PCBs) and two phenyl ketones [7]. Among them, the adjacent benzene two formic acid esters, PAHs, PCBs are detected in the city river [8] [9].
2. Distribution of the Pollution Factors in Urban River2.1. Measuring Points
According to the analysis of the characteristics of water environment and investigation of pollution sources in the Qinhuai River, in the study area a total of 39 monitoring points are set for water quality monitoring, among them there are 24 points in natural water, 11 points around pumping station, and 4 points in the tail water of sewage treatment plant (Figure 1).
Distribution of monitoring points
Detection of indicators includes the general physical and chemical indicators, eutrophication and nutrient index, health index, toxicology indicators (including heavy metals, endocrine disrupting chemicals etc.).
2.2. Characteristics and Sources of Heavy Metals
Distribution of heavy metals in natural waters is shown in Figure 2. It can be seen, as is ranking in natural waters: the Yunliang River > the WaiQinhuai River > the NeiQinhuai River; Sequencing of Zn content is the Yunliang River > the Qinhuai River > the Qinhuai River, and is the same as the sort of Pb content, Cd content and Mn content. The content of Cr and Cu distribute evenly; sorting the Fe content is the WaiQinhuai River > the NeiQinhuai River > the Yunliang river.
The distribution of heavy metal content in pollution source is shown in Figure 3. The heavy metal content in Yunliang River is Zn > Pb > As > Cd > Mn > Cr > Cu = Fe, in which the content of Zn is the highest of 1878 mg/L; the content in upstream of Qinhuai River is Zn > Pb > As > Fe > Mn > Cd = Cr > Cu, and Pb > As > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd > Cr = Cu in Qingjiangqiao; and Pb > As > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd > Cr = Cu in Xiaodoumen; and Pb > As > Fe > Zn > Mn = Cd = Cr > Cu in Shitoucheng; and Pb > As > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cd = Cu in Tiechuangleng; Pb > As > Zn > Fe > Mn = Cr > Cd > Cu in South Yudai River; Pb > As > Fe = Cr > Mn = Zn = Cd > Cu in Qingliangmen; Zn > Pb > As > Cd > Mn > Cr > Cu > Fe in Chengdong Sewage plant.
2.3. Distribution of Endocrine Disruptors
Phthalate esters (PAEs). The distribution of phthalic esters in natural water is shown in Figure 4. Thus it can be seen, that the contents of ∑PAEs in natural water is the WaiQinhuai River > the NeiQinhuai River > the Yunliang River > the city lakes. The average contribution rate of 15 PAEs concentration is DiBP > DEEP > DMP > DBP > DEP > DOP > DMEP > BBP > DBEP > DCHP > DPP > DHP > DEHP > BMPP > DINP. The concentration range of ∑PAEs is 108.04 ng/L - 1121.82 ng/L with the highest point in the Fengtai bridge (7#), followed by 5# and the Shangfu bridge, the concentrations of 1070.42 ng/L and 1023.94 ng/L.
The distribution of phthalate esters content in pollution source is shown in Figure 5. The content sequence is Qinjiang Bridge > Shitoucheng > Tiechuangleng > Xiaodoumen > Qingliangmen > Yunliang River > South YudaiRiver > Jingxinzhou > Chengdong sewage plant > Xianlin sewage plant > upstream of QinhuaiRiver > Chengbei sewage plant. ∑PAEs concentration ranges from 92.68 ng/L to 2698.50 ng/L with the main factor of DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP and BBP.
Distribution of heavy metal in natural water
Distribution of heavy metal in pollutant source
Distribution of PAEs in natural water (ng/L)
Distribution of PAEs in pollutant source (ng/L)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The distribution of PCBs in natural water is shown in Figure 6. It’s clearly that the contents of ∑PCBs in natural waters is the NeiQinhuai River > the Yunliang River > the WaiQinhuai River > the city lakes. The average contribution rate of 7 PCBs concentration is PCB52 > PCB180 > PCB101 > PCB118 > PCB153 > PCB138 > PCB28. ∑PCBs concentration ranges from 2.66 ng/L to 474.30 ng/L with the highest point in the Shangfu Bridge, followed by the downstream of sewage treatment plant and point 1#, the concentrations of 290.01 ng/L and 252.04 ng/L.
The distribution of PCBs in pollutant source is shown in Figure 7. It’s clearly that the contents of ∑PCBs is Qingjiang bridge > Tiechuangleng > upstream of Yunliang River > South Yudai River > Xiaodoumen > Shitoucheng > Jiangxinzhou sewage plant > Qingliangmen > Chengdong sewage plant > Upstream of Qinhuai River > Chengbei sewage plant > Xianlin sewage plant. ∑PCBs concentration ranges from 1.04 ng/L to 614.42 ng/L with the main factor of PCB52, PCB118 and PCB180.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The distribution of PCBs in natural water is shown in Figure 8. It’s clearly that the contents of ∑PAHs in natural waters is the WaiQinhuai River > the NeiQinhuai River > the Yunliang River > the city lakes. The average contribution rate of 16 PAHs concentration is Naphthalene > Acenaphthene (Ace) > Phenanthrene > Fluorene > Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (InP) > Benzo [b] fluoranthene (BbF) > Acenaphthene > Benzo [a] anthracene (BaA) > Two benzo [a, H] anthracene > Fluoranthene > Pyrene > Chrysene (Chr) > Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BPR) > Benzo [k] fluoranthene (BkF) > Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) > Anthracene (ANT). ∑PAHs concentration ranges from 16.93 ng/L to 455.95 ng/L with the highest point in the Fengtai bridge, followed by point 1# and 5#, the concentrations of 226.24 ng/L and 220.70 ng/L.
The distribution of PCBs in pollutant source is shown in Figure 9. It’s clearly that the contents of ∑PAHs is Tiechuangleng > Qingjiangqiao > Shitoucheng > Upsteam of Yunliang River > Qingliangmen > Xiaodoumen > Chengdong sewage plant > South Yudai River > Jiangxinzhou > Xianlin sewage plant > Upsteam of Qinhuai River > Chengbei sewage plant. ∑PAHs concentration ranges from 11.90 ng/L to 1064.68 ng/L with fluoranthene,the main factor of naphthalene, Ace, fluorine, phenanthrene, BaA, BbF and InP.
From the comparison of heavy metal and environmental endocrine disruptors in different types of natural water and the pollution source, we can get that there are different concentration of Zn, Pb, As, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr and Cu in natural water and pollution source, in which the main characteristic factors in upstream and tail-water of sewage plant; The main phthalic acid esters in studied natural waters are DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, BMPP, DPP, BBP, DCHP, DEHP. And the concentrations of DMP, DiBP and DBP are higher. PCB52, PCB180 are mainly in natural water, and the concentrations are higher in upstream and storm runoff.
The PAHs in natural water conclude of naphthalene, Acenaphthene (Ace), phenanthrene, fluorine, Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene (InP), Benzo (b) fluoranthene (BbF), acenaphthene, Benzo[a] anthracene (BaA),Two benzo (a, H) anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene (Chr), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BPR), benzo(k) fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), anthracene(ANT). The concentration of naphthalene, fluorene, BaA, BaP and InP are higher in upstream water, and those of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, BaP and InP are higher in storm runoff.
Distribution of PCBs in natural water (ng/L)
Distribution of PCBs in pollutant source (ng/L)
Distribution of PAHs in natural water (ng/L)
Distribution of PAHs in pollutant source (ng/L)
3. Source Apportionment of Pollution Factors3.1. Principal Component Analysis of Water Quality
Using SPSS13.0, select C, N, S and P, some hygiene factors and main risk factor to be statistical analyzed. Based on the rule of cumulative variance of principal component number should be more than 70%, the maximal variance rotation method (Varimax), select the factors whose load is greater than 0.6. Thus the results are the KMO value is 0.760, Bartlett’s sphericity is 563.89, and concomitant probability is 0, so that the use of principal component analysis method is feasible.
The eigenvalue and contribution rate of principal component analysis are shown in Table 1, in which the four factors can reflect 71.07% of total information.
Table 1 shows that the contribution rate of the first principal component feature, F1, is 22.74%, associated with the index of BMPP, DPP, BBP, DiBP, acenaphthene, pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, flexion. It mainly reflects the pollution status of macromolecular phthalate esters and small molecules of PAHS.
The contribution rate of the second principal component feature, F2, is 21.91%, associated with -N, TN, TOC, DBP, DEP. It mainly reflects the population status of the nutrient salts, organic pollution and macromolecular of PAES.
The contribution rate of the third principal component feature, F3, is 14.69%, associated with naphthalene, BaF, BbF, InP. It mainly reflects the population status of the macromolecular of PAHS.
The contribution rate of the forth principal component feature, F4, is 11.73%, associated with nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and fecal coliform bacteria. It mainly reflects the population status of inorganic toxicology indicators and health indicators.
3.2. Principal Component Analysis of Pollutant Source
The method and rules are the same to the analysis of water quality. Thus the results are the KMO value is 0.773, Bartlett’s sphericity is 500.01, concomitant probability is 0, so that the use of principal component analysis method is feasible.
The eigenvalue and contribution rate of principal component analysis are shown in Table 2, in which the three factors can reflect 72.58% of total information.
Table 2 shows the main components in pollutant source are PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB52, PCB180), PAEs (BMPP, DPP, DEP, DBP, DMP, DiBP), TOC, TN, , fecal coliform bacteria. Principal component analysis results shows that the main pollution group and water quality have a good corresponding relationship.
Characteristic value and contribution rate
Characteristic Value
Contribution Rate (%)
Cumulative Contribution Rate (%)
F1
6.821
22.74
22.74
F2
6.574
21.91
44.65
F3
4.407
14.69
59.34
F4
3.520
11.73
71.07
Characteristic value and contribution rate in pollutant source
Characteristic Value
Contribution Rate (%)
Cumulative Contribution Rate (%)
F1
10.297
34.33
34.33
F2
7.491
24.97
59.29
F3
3.986
13.29
72.58
4. Conclusions
Heavy metal, PAEs, PCBs and PAHs are all detected. Factor with relevance ratio higher than 0.5 are Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, BMPP, DPP, BBP, DCHP, DEHP, PCB52, PCB101, PCB118, PCB153, PCB180, naphthalene, Ace, phenanthrene, fluorine, ANT, pyrene, fluoranthene, BaA, Chr, BbF, BaP, InP, Benzo(ghi)perylene .
Sources of pollution in the study area includes forebay sewage of pumping station, storm runoff, tail water of sewage plant and the water upstream. Among them, the indicators are very serious in forebay sewage, the concentrations of nitrite, nitrate and sulfate are higher in the tail water of sewage plant, and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen is higher in the upstream water.
The main pollution group and water quality have a good corresponding relationship. The main pollution factors with potential sources are PAHs, PAEs, TN, -N, TOC, and fecal coliforms.
Acknowledgements
This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 51409088.
Cite this paper
Zhiyi Lei, (2015) Analysis on Pollution Factors of Urban River. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,03,9-16. doi: 10.4236/gep.2015.310002
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