T index has been calculated in the Chekene-Mazavand region in the NE Iran. This index shows lateral tilting may be related to active tectonics. There are many streams and transverse topographic symmetry factor has been calculated for all streams of Kashafroud river. Firstly, based on digital elevation model, the study area was divided into 28 sub-basins. Then transverse topographic symmetry factor was calculated for each one. The values are between 0.14 and 0.57 and so, there are low, moderate and high levels of relative tectonic activities. The areas with low relative tectonic activities have found in sub-basins
no. 14, 15 and 24, moderate relative tectonic activities have found in sub-basinsno. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 and high relative tectonic activities have found in sub-basins
no. 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 17, 20 and 26. The results show that the
plains have got low to moderate level of tectonic activity and faulted areas have got high tectonic activity. This matter is compatible with its tectonic setting on the Kopet Dagh belt in north east Iran.
The Chekene-Mazavand area is located in the Kopet Dagh physiographic province, NE Iran (Figure 1). Dominant structural trend in Kopet Dagh province is NW-SE. From tectonics view, it contains the Kopet Dagh
Physiographic-tectonic zoning map of Iran’s sedimentary basins, modified from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61572-ref1">1</xref>] . Numbers in this figure are: 1: Zagros-East Taurus hinterland, 2: Persian Gulf- Mesopotamian foreland basin, 3: Makran accretionary prism, 4: Bashagard Mountains, 5: Jazmorian-Mashkel fore arc basin, 6: Shahsavaran-Soltan magmatic arc, 7: South Lut- South Helmand back arc basin, 8: East Iran Mountain belt, 9: West-Central Alborz and lesser Caucasus hinterland, 10: Great Kavir-Northen Urmieh lake foreland basin, 11: South Great Kavirfold and thrust belt, 12: South Caspian-Black sea foreland basin, 13: Urmieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, 14: Naien-Kerman retro arc foreland basin, 15: Sanandaj-Sirjanoverthrust belts, 16: East Alborz or Binalod hinterland, 17: Torbat-e am-Ney- shabour retro arc foreland basin, 18: Kopet Dagh hinterland, 19: South Caspian remnant basin, 20: Maiamay-Taibad Inverted back arc basin, 21: Khaf-Kavir Plain Magmatic Arc, 22: Lut Plain-Gonabad back arc basin, 23: Tabas hinterland, 24: Yazd-Khour Piggy back basin. The study area is shown in the black rectangle
hinterland or Kopet Dagh fold and thrust belt that formed in passive margin of Eurasian plate until late Triassic and then marine sedimentation on Kopet Dagh proforeland basin has continued to Eocene. Kopet Dagh hinterland has uplifted related to Karakorum foreland basin in north east along Eshghabad fault [1] -[3] .
Based on previous work on the salt and mud diapirism [4] -[15] and neotectonic regime in Iran [16] -[21] , Zagros in south Iran is the most active zone [22] -[44] . Then, Alborz [45] -[84] and Central Iran [85] -[100] have been situated in the next orders. The analysis of T index that shows lateral tilting is the main goal in this paper.
2. Materials and Methods
The transverse topographic symmetry factor shows lateral tilting that it may be related to active tectonics. There are many streams and transverse topographic symmetry factor has been calculated for all streams of Kashafroud river (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Kashafroud river is the main river in the Chekene-Mazavand area (Figure 4). Based on digital elevation model of Chekene-Mazavand area, there are 28 sub-basins. The study area is located between longitudes E58˚, 30'- 61˚ and latitudes N35˚, 30'-37˚ in the Khorasan province, in the NE Iran.
Transverse topographic Symmetry factor (T)
T index or transverse topographic symmetry factor has been calculated as T = Da/Dd and it can be between 0 in the symmetric basin and 1 in the asymmetry basin.
Da is the space from the midline of the drainage basin to the midline of the active belt and Dd is the space from the midline to the basin limit [101] . In this research, we were considered class 1 for T > 0.4, class 2 for T between 0.2 and 0.4 and class 3 for T < 0.2 and so, sub-basin No. 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 17, 20 and 26 shows higher activity (Table 1).
An oblique view on Landsat satellite image that shows some streams of the Kashafroud river
Land subsidence value around the middle part of Kashafroud river plain
The sub-basins on Landsat satellite image of the Chekene-Mazavand area
Values of T index for sub-basins
T index
Sub-basin
Number
Da (m)
Dd (m)
T (m)
Tave (m)
class
1
1
2270
3589
0.63
0.52
1
2
1289
3179
0.41
2
1
299
5520
0.05
0.31
2
2
1172
3405
0.34
3
1543
4602
0.34
4
1956
3860
0.51
3
1
4386
7830
0.56
0.57
1
2
6280
7480
0.84
3
2178
7200
0.30
4
1
8530
11010
0.77
0.53
1
2
10920
14770
0.74
3
427
5280
0.08
5
1
3091
11440
0.27
0.34
2
2
1602
10110
0.16
3
3082
12290
0.25
4
5010
11210
0.45
5
6810
12200
0.56
6
1
5850
10600
0.55
0.29
2
2
1099
6900
0.16
3
1940
4170
0.47
4
345
6200
0.06
5
1478
7240
0.20
7
1
6140
16330
0.38
0.38
2
2
2694
10680
0.25
3
2266
5680
0.40
4
401.6
1737
0.23
8
1
2797
6010
0.47
0.48
1
2
2578
5270
0.49
9
1
852.6
1939
0.44
0.34
2
2
120.7
2851
0.04
3
943.7
1771
0.53
10
1
2702
8260
0.33
0.31
2
2
1840
9650
0.19
3
1601
3840
0.42
11
1
1433
3551
0.40
0.48
1
2
2227
3833
0.58
3
1646
3238
0.51
4
608
1459
0.42
12
1
2822
5170
0.55
0.48
1
2
1323
3062
0.43
3
1075
2322
0.46
13
1
706
6340
0.11
0.27
2
2
2349
5700
0.41
3
1142
4077
0.28
14
1
1850
5570
0.33
0.19
3
2
775
6600
0.12
3
730
5760
0.13
15
1
512
5570
0.09
0.14
3
2
743
6950
0.11
3
1275
5940
0.21
16
1
3315
7790
0.43
0.27
2
2
2615
6690
0.39
3
417
6610
0.06
4
849
4575
0.19
17
1
1101
5730
0.19
0.41
1
2
4113
7320
0.56
3
2491
3564
0.70
4
359
1860
0.19
18
1
6620
14130
0.47
0.25
2
2
1554
7490
0.21
3
1158
7120
0.16
4
821
7410
0.11
5
1296
4619
0.28
19
1
417
2146
0.19
0.31
2
2
2165
3330
0.65
3
558
2318
0.24
4
227
2718
0.08
5
947
2493
0.38
20
1
336
2239
0.15
0.45
1
2
2907
4464
0.65
3
2094
3748
0.56
21
1
2645
5780
0.46
0.25
2
2
1055
5930
0.18
3
1957
7620
0.26
4
501
4000
0.13
22
1
936.7
6440
0.15
0.20
2
2
2366
6510
0.36
3
1222
8630
0.14
4
787
6040
0.13
5
1035
5060
0.20
23
1
1896
5600
0.34
0.28
2
2
1635
11490
0.14
3
2476
9070
0.27
4
1510
4137
0.36
24
1
2887
22910
0.13
0.18
3
2
4287
30250
0.14
3
4285
30830
0.14
4
2673
10240
0.26
5
1600
7570
0.21
25
1
7970
15910
0.50
0.36
2
2
8440
18900
0.45
3
989
6560
0.15
4
528
1587
0.33
26
1
2813
8350
0.34
0.44
1
2
6900
9720
0.71
3
1809
7480
0.24
4
1291
2660
0.49
27
1
2333
9540
0.24
0.36
2
2
3596
10860
0.33
3
6210
9830
0.63
4
1330
6060
0.22
28
1
3609
5470
0.66
0.35
2
2
1082
7250
0.15
3
3275
10000
0.33
4
1373
5510
0.25
3. Results and discussion
Our results show that Mashhad plain have got serious land subsidence which it was documented by field observations (Figures 5-7). Also, there are three levels of active tectonics. Low relative tectonic activities in sub-ba- sins No. 14, 15 and 24, moderate relative tectonic activities in sub-basins No. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 and finally high relative tectonic activities in sub-basins no. 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 17, 20 and 26. Also, the most parts of study area have shown moderate relative tectonic activities.
A view from cracks due to land subsidence in sub-basin No. 6
A close view from a crack in figure 5
A view from a large crack which is related to land subsidence in sub-basin No.7
4. Conclusions
In this research, the transverse topographic symmetry factor has been calculated in the Chekene-Mazavand area, north east Iran. Based on digital elevation model, the study area was divided into 28 sub-basins. Then transverse topographic symmetry factor was calculated for each one. The values of this index are between 0.14 and 0.57, there are low, moderate and high levels of relative tectonic activities. The most parts of study area have shown moderate relative tectonic activities.
Low relative tectonic activities level has been found in sub-basins No. 14, 15 and 24, moderate relative tectonic activities level has been found in sub-basins No. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 and high relative tectonic activities level has been found in sub-basins no. 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 17, 20 and 26. The latter cases are compatible with faulted parts of study area.
Acknowledgements
This work has funded by Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Iran. Also, Special thanks to Dr. Mehran Arian and Dr. Elaheh Javadi Mosavi for their supports.
Cite this paper
Mohammad RezaSajadian,MohsenPourkermani,ManochehrQorashi,Naser HafeziMoghaddas, (2015) The Analysis of Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T Index) in the Chekene-Mazavand, North East Iran. Open Journal of Geology,05,809-820. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2015.511069
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.041Arian, M. and Feizi, F. (2005) Application of Geomorphic Indices to the Assessment of Relative Tectonic Activity Levels in the Alborz-Central Iran Border Zone. Journal of Sciences, 15, 378-403.Arian, M., Bagha, N., Khavari, R. and Noroozpour, H. (2012) Seismic Sources and Neo-Tectonics of Tehran Area (North Iran). Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 2379-2383.Moghimi, H., Arian, M. and Sorbi, A. (2015) Fault Movement Potential of Marzanabad Area, North Alborz, Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 126-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.53012Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2004) Tectonic Elements of South Flank in the East-Central Alborz Mountain. Journal of Sciences, Teacher Training University, 4, 359-368.Arian, M. and Qorashi, M. (2006) The Movement Potential Evaluation of the Major Quaternary Faults in Alborz-Central Iran Border Zone, from the East of Tehran to the East of Semnan. Journal of Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, 15, 184-188.Poroohan, N., Pourkermani, M. and Arian, M. (2013) An Assessment of Relationship in F-Parameter and Paleostress Fields in Heterogeneous Lithologies: Roudbar Area (Northwest of Iran). Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 7, 933-942.Poroohan, N., Poukermani, M. and Arian, M. (2009) An Assessment on Correlations of Seismotectonic Parameters Preceding and Following Roudbar-Manjil Earthquake (Gilan, North of Iran). Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 3, 2643-2652.Farrokhnia, A.R., Pirasteh, S., Pourkermani, M. and Arian, M. (2011) Geo-Information Technology for Mass Wasting Hazard Zonation: Central-West Alborz-Iran. Disaster Advances, 4, 24-33.Khavari, R., Ghorashi, M. and Arian, M. (2009) Assessment of Relative Active Tectonics, South Central Alborz (North Iran). EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 11, 1137.Sorbi, A., Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2009) The Movement Potential Evaluation of the Major Quaternary Faults in Tehran Quadrangle. Journal of the Earth, 19, 176-182.Feizi, F. and Arian, M. (2006) The Classification of Thrust Fronts in the Alborz-Central Iran Border Zone from the East of Varamin to the East of Semnan. Journal of Sciences, 16, 75-87.Sadeghi, R., Saeedi, A., Arian, M., Ghorashi, M. and Solgi, A. (2015) Comparison of Strain Ellipsoid Shape in the South of Ardabil Range (NW), Based on the Results of the Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy and Paleostress Methods. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 611-622. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.59054Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2004) Structural Significance of North Semnan and Attary Faults in Alborz-Central Iran Border Zone. Journal of Science, 14, 4551-4569.Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2005) Cenozoic Diastrophism and Deformational Events in the Southern Flank of Central-East Alborz. Journal of Faculty Earth Sciences, 10, 43-51.Arian, M., Pourkermani, M., Qorashi, M. and Ghasemi, M.R. (2003) North Semnan Fault System and Its Role on Basin Division. 8th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran, Shahrood, 4-6 September 2003, 11-17.Pourkermani, M. and Arian, M. (2001) Structural Geomorphology of Northeastern Kurdistan. Journal of Humanities, 7, 37-48.Mardani, Z., Ghorashi, M. and Arian, M. (2011) Geomorphic Signatures of Active Tectonics in the Talaghan Rud, Shah Rud and Sefidrud Drainage Basins in Central Alborz, N Iran. Geosciences, 20, 159-166.Sorbi, A., Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2011) The Application of Geomorphic Indices to the Assessment of Relative Tectonic Activity Levels in Tehran Quadrangle. Journal of the Earth, 6, 1-9.Khavari, R., Ghorashi, M., Arian, M. and Khosrotehrani, K. (2010) Geomorphic Signatures of Active Tectonics in the Karaj Drainage Basin in South Central Alborz, N, Iran. Geosciences, 19, 67-74.Javadi Mousavi, E. and Arian, M. (2015) Tectonic Geomorphology of Atrak River, NE Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 106-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.53010Nouri, R., Jafari, M.R., Arian, M., Feizi, F. and Afzal, P. (2013) Correlation between Cu Mineralization and Major Faults Using Multifractal Modelling in the Tarom Area (NW Iran). Geologica Carpathica, 64, 409-416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2013-0028Nouri, R., Jafari, M.R., Arian, M., Feizi, F. and Afzal, P. (2013) Prospection for Copper Mineralization with Contribution of Remote Sensing, Geochemical and Mineralographical Data in Abhar 1:100,000 Sheet, NW Iran. Archives of Mining Sciences, 58, 1071-1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0074Nouri, R., Afzal, P., Arian, M., Jafari, M. and Feizi, F. (2013) Reconnaissance of Copper and Gold Mineralization Using Analytical Hierarchy Process in the Rudbar 1: 100,000 Map Sheet, Northwest Iran. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, 49, 9-19.Farrokhnia, A.R., Pirasteh, S., Pradhan, B., Pourkermani, M. and Arian, M. (2011) A Recent Scenario of Mass Wasting and Its Impact on the Transportation in Alborz Mountains, Iran Using Geo-Information Technology. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 4, 1337-1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0238-7Arian, M. and Nouri, R. (2015) Lineament Tectonics and Mineralization in Tarom Area, North Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 115-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.53011Feizi, F. and Arian, M. (2011) The Role of Structural Controllers in Geneses of Copper Deposits in 1:50000 Map of Saiin Qaleh. Journal of Sciences, 21, 1-10.Arian, M., Qorashi, M. and Ahmadnia, A. (2003) Analysis of Behbahan Shear Zone. Iranian Journal of Geology, 1, 1-4.Bahiraee, S, Arian, M., Qorashi, M. and Solgi, M. (2015) The Movement Potential Evaluation of the Mosha Fault (the West of Firoozkuh to the Shahrestanak). Geosciences, 24, 123-126.Bagha, N., Ghorashi, M., Arian, M., Pourkermani, M. and Solgi, A. (2015) Neotectonic Analysis of Mosha-North Tehran Fault Zone, Based on Morphotectonic Features, Central Alborz, Northern Iran. Geosciences, 24, 41-52.Mosavi, E. and Arian, M. (2015) Neotectonics of Kashaf Rud River, NE Iran by Modified Index of Active Tectonics (MIAT). International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 776-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.67063Nouri, R. and Arian, M. (2015) Structural Control on the Distribution of Hydrothermal Alteration Zones and Mineralization in Dastjerdeh Area Based on Remote Sensing Data, NW Iran. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 9, 79-86.Sistanipour, A. and Arian, M. (2015) Geometric Analysis of Davaran Fault System, Central Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 458-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.56043Nazemi, M., Ghorashi, M., Ghassemi, M.R. and Arian, M. (2015) Morphotectonics Features of Alluvial Fans Associated with Active Tectonics (Shotori Mountains, East of Tabas-Central Iran). Geosciences, 24, 91-100.Alizadeh, H. and Arian, M. (2015) Rule of Structural Factors in Formation of Porphyry Copper Deposits in South Western Part of Kerman Area, Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 489-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.57045Javadi Mosavi, E. and Arian, M. (2015) Neotectonics of Tabas Area, Central Iran by Index of Active Tectonics (IAT). Open Journal of Geology, 5, 209-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.54019Jamalian Daryani, N., Arian, M. and Rashidnezhad Omran, N. (2015) Tectonics and Mineralization of Copper in the Ardestan-Kahang area, Central Iran by Remote Sensing. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 188-196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.54017Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2001) Rivers Morphology and Active Tectonic (Reviewing the Current Status of Ghezel Ozon River in the Province of Zanjan). 5th Conference of Geological Society of Iran, Tehran, 28-30 August 2001, 556.Eshghi, Z., Arian, M. and Pourkermani, M. (2012) Structural Investigation on the Lak Mining Area (Bueen Zahra) Based on Remote Sensing, Used for Its Mineralization. Journal of the Earth, 6, 145-155.Arian, M., Toudeshki, V.H. and Noroozpour, H. (2011) Active Tectonics of Qezel Ozan River Basin, NW Iran. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1, 291-295.Alizadeh, H., Arian, M., Lotfi, M., Ghorashi, M. and Ghorbani, M. (2015) Determination of Porphyry Copper Deposit Locations Using Photo Lineament Factor in Northern Parts of the Dehaj-Sardoiyeh Belt. Geosciences, 24, 247-252.Housini Toudeshki, V., Pourkermani, M., Arian, M. and Khosrotehrani, K.H. (2011) Influence of Structures on the Ghezel Ozan River. Geosciences, 21, 55-60.Housini Toudeshki, V. and Arian, M. (2011) Morphotectonic Analysis in the Ghezel Ozan River Basin, NW Iran. Journal of Geography and Geology, 3, 258-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v3n1p258Arian, M. (2015) Seismotectonic-Geologic Hazards Zoning of Iran. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 19, 7-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n1.40664Arian, M., Pourkermani, M., Sistanipour, A. and Noroozpour, H. (2011) Kinematic Significance of Fold- and Fault-Related Fracture Systems in the Rafsanjan’s Northeast Highlands (Central Iran). Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 1, 3398-3406.Arian, M., Pourkermani, M., Sistanipour, A. and Noroozpour, H. (2011) Seismicity and Fault Segmentation of Bafq-Baghin Fault System (Central Iran). Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1, 382-396.Javadi Mosavi, E., Arian, M., Ghorashi, M. and Nazemi, M. (2012) Measurements of Geomorphic Indices in Tabas Area. Journal of the Earth, 7, 213-225.Arian M. ,et al. (2010)Earthquake-Fault Hazard Investigations in the Kerman Quadrangle Journal of Sciences 19, 176-182.Cox, R.T. (1994) Analysis of Drainage Basin Symmetry as a Rapid Technique to Identify Areas of Possible Quaternary Tilt Block Tectonics: An Example from the Mississippi Embayment. Geological Society American Bulletin, 106, 571-581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0571:AODBSA>2.3.CO;2