<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Applied Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2152-7385</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/am.2015.612189</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AM-61553</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  On Finding Geodesic Equation of Two Parameters Logistic Distribution
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>illiam</surname><given-names>W. S. Chen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>2169</fpage><lpage>2174</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day>	<month>October</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>27</month>	<year>November</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  In this paper, we used two different algorithms to solve some partial differential equations, where these equations originated from the well-known two parameters of logistic distributions. The first method was the classical one that involved solving a triply of partial differential equations. The second approach was the well-known Darboux Theory. We found that the geodesic equations are a pair of isotropic curves or minimal curves. As expected, the two methods reached the same result.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Darboux Theory</kwd><kwd> Differential Geometry</kwd><kwd> Geodesic Equation</kwd><kwd> Isotropic Curves</kwd><kwd> Logistic Distribution</kwd><kwd> Minimal Curves</kwd><kwd> Partial Differential Equation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>In general, we confine ourselves to real geometric objects, and consequently, to real functions of real variables. Nevertheless, it is sometimes advantageous to introduce complex variables as a tool for the investigation of real surfaces. This means we should regard the real Euclidean space as being embedded in a complex Euclidean space. A curve is said to be an isotropic curve or minimal curve if the length of the arc between any two different points of the curve is zero.</p><p>Hence, a curve is isotropic if and only if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. This means the isotropic curve cannot have real solutions, but has two conjugate complex ones. Actually, the isotropic curves are always complex curves. In this paper, we used two different algorithms and found that the geodesic equation of Logistic distribution is a pair of complex curves or imaginary curves. In the next section, we summarized the fundamental tensor for later use. In Section 3, we use two different algorithms to derive the geodesic equation of logistic distributions. In Section 4, we give a more detailed explanation of how the fundamental tensor can be derived. An interesting work would be to compare our mathematical models with Mitchell, A.F.S. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref2">2</xref>] predictive distance model that is based on the statistical Beyesian Theory. There are lots of literatures related to distributional distance problem. For example, Kass R.E., Vos P.W. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref3">3</xref>] and Amari S-I [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref4">4</xref>] have systematically introduced these concepts while Jensen U. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref5">5</xref>] has applied this idea to quantitative economics.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. List the Fundamental Tensor</title><p>The probability density function for the logistic distribution is given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula582"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where v is the scale parameter, and u is the location parameter.</p><p>From above equation, we derive the metric tensor components for the logistic case as follows,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula583"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Using above results, we can easily find the required tensor metric</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula584"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula585"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. The Geodesic Equation</title><p>One method to find the geodesic equation of the logistic distribution is by solving a triply of partial differential equations given in the Appendix 1 (see Struik, D.J. or Grey, A [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref7">7</xref>] ). We seek its solution in the following section.</p><p>To avoid confusing, we only index those formulas we will use them later and ignore the other.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula586"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula587"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And the distance function is given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula588"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>It needs only two out of the three equations above to find the logistic model of geodesic equation. We will choose the Equations (1) and (3). To simplify the notation, we let</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula589"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Dividing the Equation (4) by p, and integrating on both sides with respect to p, we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula590"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula591"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula592"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula593"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Inverse Equation (5) and solve for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then square both side to get<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Since e raise a constant power is still a constant. If we wish to get the same results as Darboux method then we just let constant, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, equal constant<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. In other words, we choose constant<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>After substituting (6) into (3), we can derive the following results</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula594"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula595"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Integrating both sides, we find the geodesic equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula596"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where A and B are arbitrary constants</p><p>Alternatively, we can find the geodesic equation of the logistic distribution by solving one partial differential equation. This idea originated from French mathematician Darboux’s theory. A detailed proof has been given in Chen [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref9">9</xref>] . From section 2, we know that the coefficient of the first fundamental form of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is given by,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula597"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>To solve the partial differential equation above, we may use the separable variable method as follows.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula598"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula599"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula600"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula601"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The general solution of the geodesic equation is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula602"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where A and B are arbitrary constants. This result is the same as the previous one.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Deriving the Basic Tensor</title><p>The probability density function for the logistic distribution is given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula603"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x34.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From the equation above, we derive the metric tensor components for the logistic case as follows,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula604"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The next step we need to find the moments of these partial derivatives. Some of these expectations are tricky and messy.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula605"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x36.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula606"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x37.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The first part of integral can easily check is zero since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and use integral by part <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>While the second part is also zero, We can write the expectation as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula607"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x40.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The last expectation is messy and tricky.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula608"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>To see the result of second part expectation,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula609"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, we check third part expectation,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula610"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x43.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>William W. S.Chen, (2015) On Finding Geodesic Equation of Two Parameters Logistic Distribution. Applied Mathematics,06,2169-2174. doi: 10.4236/am.2015.612189</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Appendix 1</title><p>We list the six well known Christoffel Symbols as follows. For detail derivation see Struik [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref4">4</xref>] or Grey [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref5">5</xref>] .</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula611"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x44.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In general, the solution of the geodesic equation depends upon a pair of partial differential equations as below.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula612"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x45.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Appendix 2</title><p>For detail derivation see reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61553-ref11">11</xref>] (Appendix 2).</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61553-formula613"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x46.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the Riemann zeta function defined by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>And the well known fact that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/17-7402928x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.61553-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mitchell, A.F.S. 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