The survival of all organisms is highly influenced and affected by both natural and anthropogenic activities. Physical forces triggered by living organisms’ actions, fast flowing ice and water, wind and moving debris have contributed in the destructions and/or death of plants [1] -[6] . Beside physical destructions, natural selection favors survival of plant stems with biomechanical adaptations and competitive ability that optimize reconstruction and maintenance costs [7] . Species with high mechanical strength in their stems and leaves are less affected by herbivores, diseases and suffer less and recover quickly on mechanical damage [8] and [9] . These species are said to have high resilience, a capacity to regain its fundamental structure, processes and functioning when stressed [10] and [11] . In contrary, resistance refers to the capacity of an ecosystem to retain its fundamental structure and processes despite stresses [12] . Both resilience and resistance are ecological aspect for shrubs survival in particular climatic conditions [13] .

The interaction between plants and their environment is called plant ecology. The ecological adaptation of these plants is referred as bio-mechanical strength. Shrubs’ adoptive features include Young’s modulus of elasticity which describes the overall bending properties of a stem despite of the size and shape. Likewise flexural stiffness describes the flexibility of the stem cutting and the second moment of inertia reflects size and the geometry of the structure to which a force is being applied. In addition, whole stem flexibility is the measure of angle of deflection on the applied force whereas densities of shrubs account for their tissue properties such as volume fraction of cell wall materials, hemicellulose and cellulose contents, and microfibril angles in the cell wall of fiber cells. Furthermore, percent critical height explains the highest height and weight that can be applied to the stem cutting without causing critical demerging to the plant. Although biomechanical properties proved clearly being an influence in plant survival, but investigations regarding shrubs biomechanical properties in semi-arid regions are rarer as similarly supported in [8] , [14] and [15] . Therefore this article is intending in addressing biomechanical properties of the five most dominating semi-arid species from Dodoma Municipal towards their physical resilience.

Measurement of Young’s modulus of elasticity involved measuring deflection of rigid vegetative elements fixed on the bench with G-clamp. Loads of known weight 100, 150, 200 and 250 grams were separately mounted onto the known lengths of the fixed stem cuttings, starting with the least. In each mounted weigh, the extension/ deflection was recorded. Their corresponding moment of inertia was accordingly calculated. Flexural stiffness is the product of Young’s modulus of elasticity and the second moment of inertia. The whole stem flexibility was measured as the ratio of angle of deflection “α” to the applied loads. By using electronic beam balance, graduated ruler and caliper the densities of these shrubs were computed. Percent critical height was calculated for each stem accordingly.

In the course for determination the results, Young’s modulus of elasticity was computed as per Equations (a) and (b);

where P is applied load [N], I_x is moment of inertia [m⁴], w = deflection of sample [m], l is sample length (m) from a fixed point to the point where the load has been applied. D in the next Equation (b) is the diameter of the sample.

Flexural stiffness is the product of Young’s modulus of elasticity and as second moment of inertia as indicated in Equation (c); flexibility (Equation (d)) is the ratio of deflection (D) to the applied force (f);

where r is the radius measured in the middle of the stem is (mm)

Percentage critical height was calculated as per Equation (e) below;

where E is Young’s modulus of elasticity (Pa), w is fresh weight/unit volume (Nm⁻³), and d_b is diameter at base (m).

General physical properties and appearance of shrubs cuttings are presented in Figure 2. Although both the lengths and diameters had high proximity, their masses varied uniformly. Variation in masses depends on the compactness of plant tissues as well as fibers. The variation in masses which lead into variations in the densities was also an indication of irregularities in length to mass relationships. Densities which had a correlation value of −0.035 in respect to mass depict the inverse relationship between mass and density. Masses and length had a perfect negative correlation. Small related densities mean these shrubs have small volume fraction of cell wall materials, compacted hemicellulose and cellulose contents and significantly high micro fibril angles in the cell wall of fiber cells. The Ziziphus mucronata was found to be denser among the species and the Boscia grandi- flora was the least dense. The density directly influence its flexibility hence accounts to its survival probabilities.

Stem deflection account for the obvious bending capacity of a cutting without deformation as indicated in Figure 3. With the weights ranging from 100 to 250 grams, AT had a maximum deflection meaning it can withstand strong winds and animal disturbance. ZM was the least meaning under strong winds it may experience more effects compared to the remained species.

Variations in the whole stem flexibility of the shrubs species is an indication of rigidity of the stem. From Figure 4, Acacia nilotica had the highest value the fact that increases its survival probabilities, and the Boscia grandiflora had the lowest, the fact that lower its survival probabilities in this ecological feature. The proximal flexibility values of these species is a substantial suggestion of common adaptive features of the species.

Flexural stiffness varied among the species with AN showing the greatest flexural stiffness among the species as per Figure 5. It implied better ability to withstand mechanical loads. The Acacia tortilis had shown the lowest flexural stiffness among the species, hence it has shown the worse ability to withstand mechanical loads among the species. Figure 5 indicates the Acacia tortilis having the lowest probability to remain free standing during the disturbances due to lowest flexural stiffness. The Acacia nilotica was found to have the highest percentage critical height 6.0% hence the highest probability to remain free standing when disturbed.

Figure 6 in this context shows mean values of Young’s modulus of elasticity of the shrubs that expressively varied among the species. It is percussion of dissimilarity in mechanical strength among shrubs. The species with smallest Young Modulus, the Boscia grandiflora is the one which is less rigid hence the lowest resistance to deflection. In contrast, Acacia tortil with the highest young modulus is more rigid and high resistive to deflection. In general, the more rigid a species is, the more the resistant to breaking and hence the most competitive species.

Present study revealed the existing interactions among physical, chemical and biological aspects of semi-arid plants adaptations. Flourishing species like Acacia nilotica was the one with the highest and best mechanical features. The overall compactness and strength of the species were a chemical aspect of very strong and short chemical bonds at a molecular level which played a role in the survival chances. Further studies are recommended to investigate other properties such as fracture toughness for stems and leaves as well as investigating aqueous and organic soluble chemicals of these species to get better understanding on the chemical aspects.

We extend our sincere thankfulness to technical and academic staff of school of physical sciences of the University of Dodoma for their technical support and most constructive advices for the successful completion of this research. In particular our special appreciations are to Mr. Didati Kamanze and Dr. Cherupally L. for their endless theoretical and technical support.

MirajiHossein,EmanuelJacob, (2015) Bio-Mechanical Investigation on the Physical Resilience of Selected Dominating Shrubs in Semi-Arid Region of Dodoma. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,03,136-142. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2015.311018