<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JMP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Modern Physics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2153-1196</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jmp.2015.614214</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JMP-61341</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Minimum Mass of a Composite Boson
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>o</surname><given-names>Lehnert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Alfvén Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>bo.lehnert@ee.kth.se</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>2074</fpage><lpage>2079</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day>	<month>October</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>20</month>	<year>November</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  A model of the Z boson is elaborated from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) by the author. The electromagnetic steady field is derived from a separable generating function with a convergent radial part, resulting in a vanishing net electric charge and a nonzero spin and rest mass. From the superposition of the solutions of two Z bosons with antiparallel spin directions, a model is further formed of a composite boson, the computed mass mC of which becomes connected with the mass of 91 GeV for each Z boson. This results in a composite boson which is likely to become identical with the heavy particle recently detected at CERN. Both these particles are thus lacking of net electric charge, magnetic field and spin, are purely electrostatic and highly unstable, and have masses close to the value of 125 GeV.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Quantum Electrodynamics</kwd><kwd> Zero Point Energy</kwd><kwd> Standard Model and Beyond</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The heavy and unstable particle being recently detected experimentally at CERN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref2">2</xref>] has no electric charge, no spin, and a rest mass of 125 GeV. Even if the CERN result is generally being considered as a confirmation of the particle earlier proposed by Higgs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref3">3</xref>] , the value of its mass cannot be determined by the theory of Higgs. Quigg [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref4">4</xref>] has further pointed out that such a particle is perhaps not a truly fundamental one, but is built out of as yet unobserved constituents to form a composite particle.</p><p>Recently the author has proposed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref6">6</xref>] a composite boson to be formed from the superposition of two Z boson solutions with opposite spin directions. The resulting particle then has basic properties in common with the CERN particle, by having a vanishing spin and magnetic field and becoming purely electrostatic and unstable.</p><p>As based on a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) by the author [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref7">7</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref9">9</xref>] , a model of the Z boson has further been developed which results in a relation between its mass and characteristic radial dimension. With a mass of 91 GeV, this results in a characteristic radius of about 10<sup>−18</sup> m, in agreement with that estimated by Quigg [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref4">4</xref>] . This model will be used in the present investigation to determine the distribution of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy of the Z boson model. In its turn, this also results in a relation between the mass of the Z boson and that of the composite particle, as demonstrated by the following analysis. Such a mass relation becomes a function of the distribution of energy density within the Z boson. As seen from the analysis, a variation of the included parameters becomes associated with a minimum of the composite particle mass.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. A Model of the Z Boson</title><p>A characteristic feature of RQED theory, not being available from conventional theory on the vacuum state, is the existence of steady electromagnetic states, leading to models for massive particles at rest. The corresponding potentials can then be derived from a generating function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref7">7</xref>] . Such a radially convergent function results in particle models having vanishing net electric charge but nonzero local and intrinsic electric charges of both polarities, a nonzero spin, as well as a nonzero rest mass.</p><sec id="s2_1"><title>2.1. Basic Relations</title><p>The present analysis starts from a separable and axisymmetric generating function</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula438"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x6.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>in spherical coordinates<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Here G is a dimensionless function, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is a characteristic amplitude, and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> a normalized radial coordinate with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> standing for a characteristic radial dimension. There is an electrostatic potential <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and a magnetic vector potential<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, being sources of the electric and mag- netic field strengths <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The vacuum state [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref7">7</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref9">9</xref>] further includes a nonzero electric charge density<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and an electric current density <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and c is the velo- city constant of light. The general self-consistent solutions for the electromagnetic components in RQED theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref7">7</xref>] are then obtained from a generating function which takes the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula439"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the electrostatic and magnetostatic potentials are determined by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula440"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here the operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> has the parts</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula441"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the potentials are given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula442"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x22.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula443"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x23.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>in terms of the parts R and T of the generating function.</p></sec><sec id="s2_2"><title>2.2. The Field Strengths</title><p>From expressions (3)-(6) the components of the field strengths are now determined by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula444"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula445"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula446"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula447"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>With <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the energy density becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula448"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>corresponding to a mass density<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The total rest mass of the Z boson is then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula449"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2_3"><title>2.3. The Energy Distributions</title><p>A radially convergent generating function of the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula450"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>is now introduced [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref7">7</xref>] which includes the two parameters <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The radial part R is finite at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, approaches zero at large r, and has its maximum</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula451"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x36.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>at the normalized radius<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e. at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. To obtain a measure of the relative spatial extension of R near the maximum<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we define the value of R at the fraction <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the radius<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula452"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The relative extension then becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula453"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x43.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For a fixed value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then decreases at an increasing<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e. for an R representing an ever decreasing thickness of a shell localized around the maximum radius<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>In its turn the polar part T becomes more concentrated to the equatorial plane at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for increasing values of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. At large values of both <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the generating function RT thus tends to a spatial distribution being mainly concentrated to a thin ring at the equatorial plane.</p><p>With the generating function (13) the normalized field strengths (7)-(10) can be written as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula454"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x52.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula455"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x53.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula456"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x54.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula457"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x55.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The mass of Equation (12) is now distributed among the four field components of expressions (7)-(10) and (17)-(20) as given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula458"><label>(21)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x56.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are the corresponding normalized partial masses.</p><p>The distributions of each of these masses can be demonstrated in a two-dimensional space defined by the parameters <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> represent nested surfaces. The latter surfaces have then different geometries for each partial mass. This also applies to a comparison between the electrostatic mass <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the magnetostatic mass<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. The Composite Boson</title><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. Basic Relations</title><p>A superposition is now made of two Z bosons having the same electrostatic potentials given by Equation (5) and opposite cancelling magnetostatic potentials due to Equation (6) with<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. This results in a purely electro- static composite boson, having an electric field strength of double the value given by Equations (7) and (8), and with no total magnetic field and spin. The resulting particle is expected to become highly unstable, due to its lack of a counter-balancing force due to the magnetic field [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref7">7</xref>] .</p><p>With the definitions (21) the normalized mass of the Z boson becomes<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. For a doubled electric field strength due to the superposition, the electrostatic mass of the composite particle becomes<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Using the experimental value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for the Z boson, the corresponding value of the composite particle becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.61341-formula459"><label>(22)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x68.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here the ratio <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as well as the mass <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> does not become represented by a system of nested surfaces. Instead the surfaces of constant <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> will at some points intersect in a representation where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is plotted as a function of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. Computed Mass Distributions</title><p>The partial masses (21) have been computed from Equations (17)-(21) for various values of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. In most cases <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are found to be dominating as compared to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The electrostatic mass <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> further differs generally from the magnetostatic mass<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and there is no equipartition between electrostatic and magnetostatic energy. This affects the computed value of the composite particle mass.</p><p>In the experimental investigations on elementary particles of heavy mass, such as those at CERN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref2">2</xref>] , an increasing available energy corresponds to a situation in which heavy particle masses are approached from below. Therefore a minimum value of the computed mass <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> will be of main interest. Obtained values of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as functions of the radial parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for a set of values of the polar parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>. Here three domains should be considered [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.61341-ref1">1</xref>] :</p><p>1) For <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the computed values of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are higher than the experimentally detected level of 125 GeV at CERN.</p><p>2) In the integral of expression (21) the square of the generating function RT of Equation (13) is broadly speaking included. This implies that the domain defined by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> will be represented by thin ring-shaped configurations localized close to the equatorial plane. This is confirmed by an example applied to Equation (16) with<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, resulting in a relative extension of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Such a geometry is far from that of bulky particles and may be put into doubt.</p><p>3) Between the two domains 1) and 2) there is a broad window in parameter space given by the range<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. It represents a high probability of occurrence, also for various forms of geometry as determined by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. This window is in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref> seen to include minimum values of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, all being close to the mass of 125 GeV of the particle detected at CERN. The average deviation from this value is only <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x97.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> per cent.</p><p>The result of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref> can be analyzed as follows. Each curve in the figure represents the values 2 to 6 given to the polar parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the part T in relations (13), this as a function of the radial parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the part R. The set of curves thus shows that there is generally a minimum of the composite boson mass being close to</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> Mass m<sub>C</sub> of the composite boson as a function of the radial parameter γ for some values (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) of the polar parameter α. The dashed line at 125 GeV in the left-hand part represents the parti- cle detected at CERN. The dashed line at 182 GeV in the right-hand part represents the situation M<sub>E</sub> = M<sub>B</sub> of equipartition for the Z boson</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x100.png"/></fig><p>the limit 125 GeV for the manifold of particle geometries determined by varying values of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Further, when performing experiments at increasing available energies, this minimum level will first be approached from below. This implies that a composite boson can and will be created when reaching the same level, before passing to higher levels of available energy.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>From superposition of the solutions for two Z bosons with antiparallel spin directions, a model of a composite boson has been formed in terms of the present RQED theory. It connects the computed mass <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7502502x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the com- posite boson with the mass of 91 GeV given for the Z boson. Within a large window of the prevailing parameter space, the composite boson mass is found to have a minimum close to the mass of 125 GeV found for the heavy particle detected at CERN.</p><p>Due to these results, the composite boson of the present theory is thus likely to become identical with the heavy particle found at CERN. Both particles are namely lacking of net electric charge, magnetic field and spin, are purely electrostatic and highly unstable, and have rest masses close to 125 GeV. The present result has no relation to the theory by Higgs.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The author is indebted to MSc Yushan Zhou for a valuable work with the computations of the present analysis.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>BoLehnert, (2015) Minimum Mass of a Composite Boson. Journal of Modern Physics,06,2074-2079. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2015.614214</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.61341-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Aad, G., et al. (2012) Physics Letters, B716, 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chatrchyan, S., et al. (2012) Physics Letters, B716, 30-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Higgs, P.W. (1966) Physical Review, 154, 1156-1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.145.1156</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Quigg, C. (2008) Scientific American, 298, 46-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0208-46</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lehnert, B. (2013) Progress in Physics, 3, 31-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lehnert, B. (2014) Progress in Physics, 10, 5-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lehnert, B. (2013) Revised Quantum Electrodynamics. Nova Science Publications, Inc., New York.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lehnert, B. (2014) Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 6, 319-327.http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2014.610032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.61341-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lehnert, B. (2015) Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 448-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.64048</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>