Temporomandibularmandibular also termed as the craniomandibular joint (CMJ) ankylosis is a Greek terminology that means “stiff joint”. It is defined as “the inability to open the mouth due to intracapsular or extracapsular pathology, either, fibrous or bony union between the head of the condyle and the glenoid fossa, or in the case of extracapsular, between the coronoid process and the zygomatic arch” [1] . It is most commonly associated with trauma (13% to 100%), local (middle ear infections) or systemic infection (0% to 53%), or systemic disease, such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis [2] [3] . Trauma can result in an intra-articular haematoma leading to fibrosis, excessive bone formation and ultimately hypomobility of the joint, especially in children [4] . Several authors have postulated that intra-articular haematoma alone may lead to ankylosis of the TMJ based on organisation and subsequent ossification of an intracapsular haematoma [5] -[9] . Oztan et al., however, disputed this theory, saying that trauma in the TMJ did not always progress to form bone [10] . Laskin on the other hand attributed the ankylosis to meniscal tear, which led to the fusion of the glenoid and condyle with hematoma formation [11] . Surprisingly, ankylosis still occurs in children with condylar head fractures where meniscus is intact, so the pathogenesis is indeed intriguing and still a partially resolved problem [5] [12] [13] .

There are various classification of CMJ ankylosis based on the tissue involved: bony or fibrous, anatomical site: intracapsular or extracapsular and the number of joints affected: unilateral or bilateral [1] . The effects of ankylosis on patients are debilitating ranging from a compromised masticatory function, impairment of speech, to poor oral hygiene contributing to rampant caries and odontogenic infections. In addition, it also leads to interference in orofacial growth and development leading to facial asymmetry and micrognathia that may lead to airway embarrassment in case of life-threatening odontogenic infections such as, Ludwig’s Angina [14] . All these have a detrimental effect on growth, nutritional and psychological status of the patient, and hence the need for surgical intervention. It is therefore imperative to plan the management with a multidisciplinary team consisting of a maxillofacial surgeon, anaesthesiologist, dentist, orthodontist, nutritionist, physiotherapist and psychologist. The surgical treatment of TMJ ankylosis may involve the 7-step protocol depending on the severity of the ankylosis, that is, Type I, II, III, or IV [12] [15] . Gap arthroplasty which is faster and less involving has been advocated, however, it has the disadvantage and drawback of re-ankylosis.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of early intervention of TMJ ankylosis on the facial profile and growth of children attending the University of Nairobi Dental Teaching Hospital.

All patients with TMJ ankylosis who were either referred or self-referred to the University of Nairobi Dental Hospital Centre, Oral and Maxillofacial clinic, were included in the study between 2010 and 2013. The major presenting complaint was the inability to open the mouth, hence, causing difficulty in feeding and facial deformity. Possible causes of ankylosis, for example, trauma, and infection among others were recorded from the parents or the guardians’ history. The patients were subjected to a comprehensive head, neck and oral examination. The maximum interincisal opening (MIO) and the extent of chin deviation (CD) from the midline were recorded for each patient for pre-, intra-, and postoperative reviews. Pre-operative intra oral examination was difficult due the limitation in mouth opening; however, the general oral hygiene was assessed. Photographs were taken to document the patient’s facial profile pre-, intra- and post operatively during follow up. Plain radiographs (orthopantograms) in the majority of the cases, were used to evaluate the degree of ankylosis and CT Scans for those who were able to afford the cost of the investigation. Both OPG and coronal CT scan showed the typical mushroom shaped radio-opacity around the CMJ with obliteration of the space between the glenoid cavity and the condyle (Sawhney type IV) [12] (Figure 1).

All patients underwent blind nasotrachael intubation in theatre. The ankylosed CMJ was exposed through the preauricular incision. The surgeon followed a universally accepted 7-step protocol. This consisted of aggressive resection of the bony ankylotic mass to release the ankylosis, coronoidectomy on the affected side, coronoidotomy on the contralateral side and lining of the glenoid fossa with part of temporalis myofascial flap. Reconstruction of the condyle unit was achieved using a costochondral graft securing with rigid or semi-rigid fixation technique. The graft was harvested from either the 5th or the 6th ribs where one graft was required, or from both in the case of bilateral ankylosis. Intraoperatively, all patients had an MIO of between 35 to 45 mm (Figure 2). A costochondral graft was used to maintain the vertical height of the ramus to re-establish function and improve the growth of the affected side of the mandible. Postoperatively, aggressive mouth opening exercises were began from the 1st post-operative day until discharge and the parents/guardians were counselled regarding their active role in adherence to aggressive home based physiotherapy.

The patients were discharged after 5 to 7 days, following an unremarkable recovery. The participants were subsequently reviewed in first two weeks, then in a month and every 3-monthly thereafter, to record the MIO, CD, growth and secondary new traumatic or infective episode of otitis media.

There were twelve (12) patients with CMJ ankylosis. They were between 1 and 10 years old of age. All had presented to the facility between 2010 and 2013. All the patients reported a positive history of trauma affecting the mandiblea. Some of the base line characteristics are shown in Table 1. The radiographs showed that all had the bony type of ankylosis. Estimation methods by bootstrapping were implemented with the various parameters estimated within a 95% confidence interval. These parameters were estimated for the CD, Pre-op MIO, Intra-op MIO and the Post-op MIO are summarized in Table 2.

There were twice as many males to females (M:F = 2:1), eight (8) of them had the unilateral and four (4) had the bilateral types of ankylosis. The age range of the patients was between 1 to 10 years old with mean of 6.9 years old.

Preoperative assessment showed facial asymmetry with the CD ranging from about 0 to 17 mm towards ankylosed side in cases of unilateral ankylosis. For those with bilateral ankylosis, the mandible was retrognathic and hypoplastic giving the patient’s a kind of “birds” facial profile, with the chin almost central and the MIO was between 0 to 5 mm (Figure 3). Majority of the patients had a preoperative MIO between from 0 to 8 millimetres (mm) but those with bilateral ankylosis had the least, from 0 to 5 mm; the oral hygiene was poor. The average MIO achieved intraoperatively, for all patients in this group was 35 mm. A comparison of the pre-, intra- and postoperative MIO values showed an improvement after surgery. The majority of the patients after surgery were able to maintain a MIO of between 40 - 45 mm, with the exception of one who had a 10 mm decrease in mouth opening after 6 months of review (Figure 4).

The least MIO of 0 - 5 mm was noted in those patients with bilateral CMJ ankylosis. The mean estimated improvement after the surgery was 26 mm, CI [21.6 - 30.3] increase of the MIO. A large effect size of 5.1 mm, CI [3.0, 7.7] was also noted. The patients with unilateral ankyloses ended up with a bigger MIO (mean, 30.8 mm,

^‡This was the average post-op MIO measured in mm.

CI [24.1, 37.3]), whereas the patients with the bilateral ankyloses ended up with a mean of 28.5 mm CI [19.7, 36.9]. The difference between these was estimated at 2.6 mm, CI [−7.8, 13.9]. The reduction in the MIO was found to be more varied amongst the patients with bilateral ankylosis, with an estimated standard deviation of 7mm CI [0.8, 17.9] as compared to the more homogenous outcome amongst the patients with the unilateral ankyloses with a standard deviation of 8.5 mm CI [3.9, 14.9] (Table 3).

Trauma and to a lesser extent infection are the two leading causes of CMJ ankylosis [16] [17] . All our patients had CMJ ankylosis due to trauma. There are serious consequences following TMJ ankylosis with regard to function and facial symmetry. Children have a greater tendency towards post traumatic ankylosis, mostly before the age of ten years old [18] . Laskin evaluated the factors which could contribute to the development of post traumatic CMJ ankylosis and summarised them into age of the patient, site and type of fracture, duration of immobilization and meniscal tear [11] . Considering the Moss functional matrix theory, it is imperative to note that restoration of jaw function will contribute to continued facial growth, hence, necessitating the need for early surgical intervention [19] . This approach does not only improve mastication and speech but also allows the patient to maintain oral hygiene which preserves the permanent dentition [4] [20] -[23] .

Immediate surgical intervention following a diagnosis of intracapsular TMJ ankylosis will facilitate normal

physiology of mastication and facial growth based on functional matrix theory. The decision to resect the condyle instead of doing the gap arthroplasty was to avoid re-ankylosis. The costochondral graft infers growth potential influencing mandibular growth and remodelling which invariably will be transferred to the orofacial tissues. In our ongoing study, some of the preliminary unpublished data show a reduction in CD as long as the MIO was 25 mm and above and over a period of 1 year. The overall MIO was 5 - 10 times better immediately after surgery, although a small decrease was noticed during follow-up visits. This may attribute to a lapse in the home-based physiotherapy recommended at discharge as a result of fear of pain during jaw mobilization. The CD was noticed to be better although a longer follow up was needed for definitive conclusive recommendations. The oral hygiene was initially worse for patients with bilateral TMJ ankylosis due to the marked trismus and this improved post operatively for both the groups as they were able to brush their teeth

The use of costochondral grafts aims to re-establish a growth centre and restoration of mouth opening. The mandible increases in length as part of the facial growth through the influence of the functional matrix to provide means of adaptive modelling during this growth. In this study, the increase in MIO, markedly improved masticatory function from the first post operative day and subsequently, as reported by other authors [17] . As we continue to assess the CD, and when the facial profile of these patients up to adolescent age, we intend to observe the effect of early intervention on correction of facial growth in children with CMJ ankylosis.

Our preliminary findings show that early surgical management of bony CMJ ankylosis can increase the MIO, improve the masticatory function and facilitate occlusal rehabilitation as long as early and active mobilization of the joint is implemented post operatively. The change in facial growth characteristics will be followed for a period of 5 to 10 years before the final outcome of this study is published.

F. M.Butt,S. W.Guthua,E. M.Kegereki, (2015) Preliminary Outcome of Case Series of the Management of Unilateral and Bilateral Craniomandibular Ankylosis in Kenya —An Ongoing Prospective Study. Open Journal of Stomatology,05,227-233. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2015.59028