<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJCM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>American Journal of Computational Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-1203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ajcm.2015.53022</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJCM-59167</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  A Note on Acyclic Edge Colouring of Star Graph Families
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>.</surname><given-names>Shanasbabu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>A.</surname><given-names>V. Chithra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>babushanas@gmail.com(.S)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>05</volume><issue>03</issue><fpage>253</fpage><lpage>257</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day>	<month>July</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>22</month>	<year>August</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day>	<month>August</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><html>
 <head></head>
 
  A proper edge colouring f of a graph 
  <em>G</em> is called acyclic if there are no bichromatic cycles in the graph. The 
  <em>acyclic edge chromatic number or acyclic chromatic index</em>, denoted by 
  <img src="Edit_75077887-2250-4e0c-9947-6455aa47577c.bmp" alt="" />, is the minimum number of colours in an acyclic edge colouring of G. In this paper, we discuss the acyclic edge colouring of middle, central, total and line graphs of prime related star graph families. Also exact values of acyclic chromatic indices of such graphs are derived and some of their structural properties are discussed.
 
</html></p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Acyclic Edge Colouring</kwd><kwd> Acyclic Chromatic Index</kwd><kwd> Middle Graph</kwd><kwd> Central Graph</kwd><kwd> Total Graph</kwd><kwd> Line Graph</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>All graphs considered in this paper are finite, undirected and simple. The concept of acyclic colouring of a graph was introduced by B. Grunbaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref1">1</xref>] . A proper edge colouring of a graph G = (V, E) with vertex set V and edge set E, is a map f:<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where C is the set of colours with f(x) ≠ f(y) for any adjacent edges x, y of E. The minimum number of colours needed to properly colour the edges of G, is called the chromatic index of G and is denoted by<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. A proper edge colouring f is called acyclic if there are no bichromatic cycles in the graph. The acyclic edge chromatic number or acyclic chromatic index, denoted by<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, is the minimum number of colours in an acyclicedge colouring of G.</p><p>Consider the set X of lines of a graph G with at least one line as a family of 2-point subsets of V(G). The line graph [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref2">2</xref>] of graph G, denoted by L(G), is the intersection graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus the points of L(G) are the lines of G, with two points of L(G) which are adjacent whenever the corresponding lines of G are.</p><p>Let G be a graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). The middle graph [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref3">3</xref>] of G, denoted by M(G) is a graph with vertex set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in which two vertices <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are adjacent in M(G) if one of following holds. (i) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are in E (G) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are adjacent in G; (ii) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is in V(G), <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is in E(G), and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are incident in G.</p><p>Let G be a finite simple graph. The central graph [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref4">4</xref>] of a graph G, denoted by C(G) is obtained by subdividing each edge of G exactly once and joining all the non-adjacent vertices of G.</p><p>Let G be a graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). The total graph [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref3">3</xref>] of G, denoted by T(G) is a graph with vertex set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in which two vertices <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are adjacent in T(G) if one of the following holds. (i) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are in V(G) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is adjacent to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in G; (ii) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are in E(G) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are adjacent in G; (iii) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is in E(G), and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are incident in G.</p><p>Determining <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a hard problem both from a theoretical and from an algorithmic point of view. Even for the simple and highly-structured class of complete graphs, the value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is still not determined exactly. It has also been shown by Alon and Zaks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref5">5</xref>] that determining whether <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is NP-complete for an arbitrary graph G.</p><p>Alon, Sudakov and Zaks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref6">6</xref>] proved that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for almost all D-regular graphs. This result was improved by Nesetril and Wormald [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref7">7</xref>] who showed that for a random D-regular graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>In view of the discussion relating acyclic edge colouring to perfect 1-factorization conjecture, it may be inferred that finding the exact values of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for every n seems hard. However, Alon et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref8">8</xref>] designed an algorithm that can acyclically edge colour<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Through this work, they constructively showed that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Acyclic Edge Colouring of Line Graph of a Star Graph</title>Theorem<p>The acyclic chromatic index, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>for prime <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proof</p><p>As the line graph of the star graph is isomorphic to the complete graph and by Alon et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.59167-ref8">8</xref>] ,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Acyclic Edge Colouring of Middle Graph of a Star Graph</title>Theorem<p>For the star graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the acyclic chromatic index, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where is prime,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof</p><p>Let the edge set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and vertex set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as the root vertex. By definition, in the middle graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the vertex set is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. From the definition of middle graph the vertices <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> induce a clique of order<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, say <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>, given below. Now assign a proper colouring to the vertices of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows. Consider the colour class<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Assign the colour i to the edges <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.59167-formula920"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x54.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can easily check that it is an acyclic edge colouring of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and hence <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Also</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Example 3.1.</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x59.png"/></fig></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Acyclic Edge Colouring of Central Graph of a Star Graph</title><sec id="s4_1"><title>4.1. The Structural Properties Central Graph of Star Graph</title><p> The maximum degree in the graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p> The minimum degree in the graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p> Number of edges in the graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p> The number of vertices in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p></sec><sec id="s4_2"><title>4.2. Theorem</title><p>For the graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the acyclic chromatic index<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, for prime <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proof</p><p>Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as the root vertex. In central graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, by the definition each edge <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is subdivided by the vertex <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Now the vertices <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> induce a clique of order<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, say <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>.</p><p>Now assign a proper colouring to the vertices of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows. Consider the colour class<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Assign the colour i to the edges <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.59167-formula921"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x88.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can easily check that it is an acyclic edge colouring of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Also</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence.</p><p>Example 4.2.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Acyclic Edge Colouring of Total Graph of a Star Graph</title><sec id="s5_1"><title>5.1. Structural Properties of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title><p> The maximum degree in the graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p> The minimum degree in the graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x97.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p> The number of edges in the graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p> The number of vertices in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s5_2"><title>5.2. Theorem</title><p>For any star graph <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the acyclic chromatic index, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, for prime<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof</p><p>Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as the root vertex. By definition, in the total graph<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the vertex set is</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Now the vertices <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x110.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> induce a</p><p>clique of order<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, say <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x113.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>.</p><p>Now assign a proper colouring to the vertices of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows. Consider the colour class <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, say. Assign the colour i to the edges <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x116.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows.</p><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Note:<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x117.png"/></fig><fig id="fig3"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref></label><caption><title><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Note:<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x120.png"/></fig><disp-formula id="scirp.59167-formula922"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x123.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>These colouring takes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> colours using <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the remaining <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> edges are assigned to the colours<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can easily check that it is an acyclic edge colouring of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and hence <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Also</p><p>since<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, minimum <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x131.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> colours are required for its proper edge colouring.</p><p>Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-1100396x132.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Example 5.2.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>P.Shanasbabu,A. V.Chithra, (2015) A Note on Acyclic Edge Colouring of Star Graph Families. American Journal of Computational Mathematics,05,253-257. doi: 10.4236/ajcm.2015.53022</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.59167-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Grunbaum, B. (1973) Acyclic Colourings of Planar Graphs. Israel Journal of Mathematics, 14, 390-408.  
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