1. IntroductionTanzania has a total area covering about 945,000 km2 of which 33.5 million ha are forests and woodlands [1] . About 13 million ha have been gazetted as forest reserves. The main forest types are the extensive miombo woodlands in lowland areas across the central and southern parts of the country, the Acacia woodlands in the northern regions, the coastal forest/woodland mosaic in the east, mangrove forests along the Indian Ocean shoreline, and closed canopy forests on the ancient mountains of the Eastern Arc in the east [2] . Of these various forest types, 14.3 million ha are found within gazetted Forest Reserves, 2.5 million ha are proposed as Forest Reserves, and about 2 million ha are in Game Reserves or National Parks [2] [3] . The total area of forest plantations is estimated to be between 190,000 and 250,000 ha, made up of 85,000 ha of state managed industrial plantations, about 40,000 ha of private companies industrial plantations, and 80,000 to 140,000 ha of village and farm plantations [4] .
Kilimanjaro region covers an area of 13,209 km2 or 1.4 percent of the area of the entire Tanzania Mainland out of which 2181.38 km2 are forest reserves, located mainly on high altitudes as water catchments forests [5] . Almost the entire region’s population of 1.64 million by 2012 census [6] relies upon biomass fuels of firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues and biogas for domestic heating and cooking. However, wood fuel (firewood and charcoal) accounts for about 95% of the total energy consumed in the region [7] . Wood fuel is mainly used for cooking, water heating, house heating and lighting. Households are the most important category in wood energy consumption while the second highest consumer of wood fuel are the cottage industries which include brick making, tobacco curing, fish smoking, and bakeries [8] . Supply of the fuel wood in Kilimanjaro region is mainly from the thickets and bushes estimated to cover about 1000 km2 of the land. The major tree species found in these forests falls into three generic groups, which are Acacias, Albizias and Combretums [9] . Trees like Melicia excelsa (mvule) and Dalbergia melanoxylon (mpingo) are also found in lower part of the region. Many important commercial trees in Kilimanjaro have been harvested with no programs for replanting which has led to widespread of deforestation which in turn causing erosion of the soil, then loss of soil fertility, loss of wildlife habitat and loss of biodiversity. Kilimanjaro communities are suffering from the results of these misfortunes and unsustainable land management. Agricultural activities all over the region have been affected due to shortage of rainfall and high temperature prevailing for quite long causing seasonal rivers and streams to dry out completely. Women, who traditionally collect firewood, spend longer hours to secure the same amounts of wood and many people are now using their precious hard-earned cash to purchase wood. The population increase in the region from 652,772 in 1967 to 1,640,087 in 2012 [5] [6] has caused an increase in competition of land use form for production of agricultural crops, livestock husbandry and tree husbandry.
Several institutions and individuals have been trying to reforestate the deforestated and degraded areas in order to rescue the current situation. Fast growing fuel wood, fruits, medicine and lumber producing tree species have been introduced to help families from spending time and money on these domestic products. Despite of all efforts made to rehabilitate the lost trees/forests in the region, it is not known as to why majority of the people in the region do not have tree woodlots. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying factors affecting tree husbandry and woodlot establishment in Kilimanjaro region. The results from this study will be used in making recommendations which will lead to overcome factors affecting tree planting in Kilimanjaro Region.
Appendix I. Factors Affecting Tree Husbandry and Woodlots Establishment in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania1. RESPONDENT’S GENERAL INFORMATION
District name___________ The interview date___________
Ward name___________ Village/Suburb/Street name___________
1.1. Name_______
1.2. Sex Male □ Female □ Age____ Years____
1.3. Education attained___________________________________________________
1.4. Marital status: Married □ Unmarried □ Divorce □ Widow □
Separated □ Widower □
1.5. Occupation: (1) Peasant (2) Livestock keeper (3) Peasant & Livestock keeper (4) Business
(5) Others state___________
2. ACCESS AND OWNERSHIP/LAND TENURE
2.1. Do you use firewood? Yes □ No □
2.2. Do you use charcoal for energy? Yes □ No □
2.3. If yes please state the source of your firewood/charcoal__________________________________________
2.4. Do you own trees? Yes □ No □
2.5. If yes how many trees do you have?_________________________________________________________
2.6. Why don’t you have more trees than what you have mentioned?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.7. What are the tree species do you have and what are their uses?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.8. What are the uses of the tree species that you have?
2.9. What is the growth status of your trees? Good □ Average □ Worse □
2.10. If not good what are the main problems? ____________________________________________________
2.11. Do you own land? Yes □ No □
2.12. If yes state how many hectares/acres________________________________________________________
2.13. Have you set aside land for tree planting? Yes □ No □
2.14. If yes state how many hectares/acres________________________________________________________
2.15. If no state why_________________________________________________________________________
2.16. Where do you get seeds for tree planting exercise _____________________________________________
2.17. Where do you get seedlings for tree planting exercise?_________________________________________
2.18. What are your tree species preferences?_____________________________________________________
2.19. Please give reasons for their preference_____________________________________________________
3. CULTURAL ISSUES
3.1. Are there any cultural issues affecting land ownership? Yes □ No □
3.2. If yes state_____________________________________________________________________________
3.3. How do they affect land ownership? Yes □ No □
3.4. Are there any cultural issues affecting tree farm establishment? Yes □ No □
3.5. If yes state_____________________________________________________________________________
3.6. How do they affect tree farm establishment?__________________________________________________
4. LEGAL ISSUES
4.1. Are there any laws which insist you to plant trees on area around you? Yes □ No □
4.2. If yes state_____________________________________________________________________________
4.3. If yes, have you followed the law?__________________________________________________________
4.4. If no, can you give reasons for not following the law?___________________________________________
5. CAPACITY BUILDING
5.1. Have you ever been trained on tree planting? Yes □ No □
5.2. If yes mention the organization involved in providing that training.
______________________________________________________________________________________
5.3. Have you ever been trained on tending of trees? Yes □ No □
5.4. If yes mention the organization involved in providing that training_________________________________
6. LABOUR AVAILABILITY
6.1. Have you employed any casual labourer to assist you in tree farm establishment? Yes □ No □
6.2. If yes how many casual labourers do have?___________________________________________________
6.3. What are the main duties/activities does the casual labourers assist you?____________________________
6.4. Are casual labourers readily available? Yes □ No □
6.5. If yes, where/how do you get them?_________________________________________________________
6.6. Do you pay them? Yes □ No □
6.7. If yes, how much do you pay them per day/week/month?________________________________________
6.8. Can scarcity of casual labourers affect establishment and tending of trees in your farm? Yes □ No □
7. OTHERS
7.1. Is there any disease that affects growth of your trees? Yes □ No □
7.2. If yes state type of disease_________________________________________________________________
7.3. Is there any insect that affects growth of your trees? Yes □ No □
7.4. If yes state type of insects_________________________________________________________________
7.5. Does the climate allow good growth of your trees? Yes □ No □
7.6. If no state why__________________________________________________________________________
7.7. What should be done in order to speed up tree planting?_________________________________________