This paper presents research on a low power CMOS UWB LNA based on a cascoded common source and current-reused topology. A systematic approach for the design procedure from narrow band to UWB is developed and discussed in detail. The power reduction can be achieved by using body biased technique and current-reused topology. The optimum width of the major transistor device
M
1
is determined by the power-constraint noise optimization with inner parasitic capacitance between the gate and source terminal. The derivation of the signal amplification S
21
by high frequency small signal model is displayed in the paper. The optimum design of the complete circuit was studied in a step by step analysis. The measurements results show that the proposed circuit has superior S
11
, gain, noise figure, and power consumption. From the measured results, S
11
is lower than -12 dB, S
22
is lower than -10 dB and forward gain S
21
has an average value with 12 dB. The noise figure is from 4 to 5.7 dB within the whole band. The total power consumption of the proposed circuit including the output buffer is 4.6 mW with a supply voltage of 1 V. This work is implemented in a standard TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process technology.
Body Bias Common Source Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Low Power RFCMOS Ultra-Wideband (UWB)1. Introduction
Ultra wide band (UWB) systems are a new wireless technology capable of transmitting data over a wide spectrum of frequency bands with very low power and high data rates. Among the possible applications, UWB tech- nology may be used for imaging systems, vehicular and ground-penetrating radars, and communication systems. In particular, it is envisioned that almost every cable at home or in an office will be replaced with a wireless connection that features hundreds of megabits of data per second [1] . Although the UWB standard (IEEE 802. 15.3a [2] ) has not been completely defined, most of the proposed applications are allowed to transmit in a band between 3.1 - 10.6 GHz. Two possible approaches have emerged to exploit the allocated spectrum.
One is the Direct-sequence UWB (DS-UWB) proposal. The DS-UWB proposal divides the whole band into two discontinuous bands with the lower band from 3.1 - 4.85 GHz and the upper band from 6.2 - 9.7 GHZ. The other is a proposal for a multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing UWB (MB-OFDM UWB). The latter UWB proposal divides the whole band into 14 sub-bands 528 MHz that are grouped into five main bands [3] . A low noise amplifier (LNA) is a critical building block of the receiver. For the full UWB LNA design goal, there are some factors that are required: sufficient gain and flatness, input/output matching, and most importantly, a low noise figure with a high signal to noise ratio (SNR) to enforce the sensitivity of the receiver. Low chip area and low power consumption are also desired for the LNA. In the past decade, many UWB LNAs with different topologies have been reported. Distributed amplifiers were popular circuits that had wideband characteristics [4] -[7] . Since a distributed amplifier is a little more than cascaded stages, it requires large power consumption to add a common source amplifier [6] . Of course, large chip size with extra inductors is another problem.
The resistive feedback topology with a narrowband inductively degenerated common-source amplifier is an area-saving solution for good input matching in the 3 - 5 GHz UWB band [8] . The feedback resistor Rf may be lowered to reduce additional noise. If the gm of the transistor is raised, the Miller effect on Rf will also be increased. Therefore, a higher current dissipation and larger MOS area are required [9] -[12] . In recent years, the transformer as reactive feedback has been adopted for implementation of UWB application [13] [14] . Moreover, low power CMOS LNA with transformer multicascode topology has been developed and reported for V-band and Q-band application [15] .
Some papers reporting on the common-gate amplifier have been suggested using wideband input matching as a solution by setting the input-transistor transconductance gm equal to the reciprocal of the source resistance [16] -[21] . For this topology, high value of the transconductance contrasts with low-current dissipation. If the current-reused structure is added with this topology, lower power of the core circuit can be achieved under 5 mW without an output buffer [22] . If the cascade stages are used in the circuit, it needs larger amounts of power for the ultra wideband RF receiver [23] . However, with a common-gate configuration, it is hard to attain a 50 Ω real impedance for input matching and noise performance is also an area that requires improvement.
A common-source amplifier with a source degeneration inductor is one of the best approaches for narrowband application in terms of gain and noise performance [24] . A common rule of this circuit for broadband matching application is obtained by replacing the gate inductance with a LC ladder network [14] [25] [26] . A drawback of this approach for UWB is the large group-delay variation which means that the signal can experience several resonances in the input-matching network. If a series-peaking inductor is used with the gate of the second transistor, then the inductor Lg2 can reduce the noise figure in the cascode structure with current-reuse topology [27] .
The proposed circuit of a common-source amplifier with low power UWB LNA has been demonstrated [28] . Additional analysis and discussion which emphasize the low power UWB are provided. Based on the effect of the body-biased technique and the current reused cascode structure, the low power consumption of our work can achieve lower than 5 mW including the output buffer. The analysis and design approach of the circuit is addressed in Section 2. The design procedure and body biased technique are also discussed in this Section 2. The measurement results are presented in Section 3. The conclusion is given in Section 4.
2. Proposed LNA Design Approach
The proposed low power LNA is shown in Figure 1. There are two stages including the core circuit of the first stage with common source (CS) amplifier M1 and the buffer of the second stage. The first stage consists of the LC input matching network, body biased technique, and the cascode common source amplifiers M1 and M2 using the current-reused technique for low power design. The T-type LC filter is used for 50 Ω input matching and provides resonant frequency at 3 GHz for the high pass filter function. There are two transistors, M1 and M2 and both share the same drain current in a single path which saves power. The inductors L3 and L5 are used as the RF choke to avoid RF signal through the DC supply. A large value with L3 = 9 nH and L5 = 4 nH, respectively, is required. Inductor L4 is used as the peaking inductor. Capacitor C2 serves as the DC block capacitor and also builds up a RF signal path from transistor M1 to transistor M2. Capacitor C3 serves as the bypass capacitor and
Proposed UWB LNA with boday bias technique
functions to make transistor M3 as the ground state at the source node. The value for C2 and C3 are assumed to be C2 = 2 pF and C3 = 6 pF, respectively [29] . In addition, using the body biased technique, the threshold voltage VT can be decreased by adjusting body voltage VB to reduce the power consumption, and enhance the gain performance during the cascode stage. To improve the gain flatness, a couple inductor L6 is used. Finally, the source follower M3 and the current source M4 are used to as the output buffers. From the simulation, the measurements of our proposed circuit including the buffer are 4 mW and 4.6 mW, respectively.
We can develop a LNA design procedure of the common source with source inductor degeneration for narrowband application [30] .
From the derivation of the power-constrained noise optimization, there are five steps necessary to complete the LNA design.
1) Determine the width of the optimum device M1 from the equation that follows:
where L is the length of transistor, RS is the resistance of source stage, QSP is the quality factor of input stage and ω is the center frequency for which the design is made.
2) Bias the device with the amount of current allowed by the power constraint.
3) Select the value of source degenerating inductance to provide the desired input match.
4) Compute the expected noise from the following equation:
where γ is the thermal noise coefficient of transistor and α is the ratio of gm (α = gm/gd0), gd0 is the transconductance at zero bias voltage.
5) Add sufficient inductance in the series with the gate to bring the input loop into resonance at the desired operating frequency.
From the former procedure, we can develop the optimum design for the UWB in a power constraint noise matching condition.
2.1. Determination of Transistor M<sub>1</sub> and Input Matching
In the narrowband LNA circuit design, the optimum width of transistor M1 can be calculated by Equation (1) under power constraint noise optimization. In the UWB LNA circuit design, if the bias drain current ID of the MOS device is initially set according to the power consumption requirement, then the noise can be estimated by Equation (2), and transistor M1 also can be determined. For NMOS devices, the drain current at the saturated region can be indicated [31]
where μn is the mobility of electrons, CoxW is the total capacitance per unit length, L is the effective channel length and VGS − VTH is the overdrive voltage. From Equation (3), if channel length L and the overdrive voltage are kept at the constant, then the drain current is proportional to the capacitance. Since a MOSFET operating in saturation produces a current in response to its gate-source overdrive voltage, the transconductance gm can be expressed as the following:
From Equation (6), gm represents the transconductance of the device, for a high gm, a small change in VGS results in a large change in ID. And it can be seen that gm decreases with the overdrive if ID is constant. The above descriptions from Equation (1) to Equation (6), the size of transistor M1 is located at some range in the low noise figure from the power constraint. This phenomenon has been reporeted in the following papers [25] [32] [33] [34] . However, these papers did not mention how to determine the size of transistor M1 during the first stage which is an important factor to control the total noise figure of the circuit. Here, we adopted the power constraint noise optimization that accompanies with parasitic Cgs of transistor M1 to deal with the dimension of the size. In the circuit design, the multi fingers for layout profile are used for transistor to reduce the gate resistance (Rg) and noise figure for good behavior.
It is known that the parasitic capacitance is varied by the device size in the high frequency region. If gate resistance Rg is considered and is assumed, then the input impedance Zin can be obtained as the following Equation (7):
where s is equal to j2πf. As described above, if the budget of power consumption is determined, then the noise figure and the range of the M1 device size are also obtained as shown in Figure 2.
Based on the power constraint noise matching, the noise figure is raised with drain current being decreased as shown in Figure 2. If the noise figure is properly chosen by an average value of 3.5 dB in the whole band, then a transistor size from 75 µm to 150 µm is preferred. If the parasitic capacitance of transistor M1 is viewed as a part of the input for the impedance matching network, then the transistor size can be optimized for input matching in the whole band. Figure 3 shows the S11 of the input impedance matching with different transistor sizes. If
Relation between noise figure and drain current of transistor M<sub>1</sub>
Relation coefficient S<sub>11</sub> with different width
the width of the device is 100 µm, the locus of S11 must be improved in the low band. On the contrary, if the width of the device is larger than 160 µm, then the locus of S11 must be improved in the high band. Therefore, the better transistor width is close to 130 µm as shown in Figure 3 and also is the width chosen for our proposed circui.
2.2. Analysis of Source Inductor Degeneration
In the single band or narrow band low noise amplifier, the S11 of a common source with inductive degeneration is better than without inductive degeneration. This principle is also fitted to ultra wideband LNA.
The input impedance of the common source inductor Ls included in the circuit can be modified from Equation (7) as follows:
Here gm1 is the transconductance of transistor M1, then, owing to the contribution of L2, the locus of S11 is different from the one in which we omitted Ls in the circuit for input matching. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 4. With or without inductor Ls, they both have good S11 lower than −10 dB in the whole band. Of course,
The simulation of S<sub>11</sub> with/without L<sub>s</sub>
we must check the effects of gain and the noise figures.
From Figure 5(a), the noise figure with source inductor is 3 - 4.7 dB and without source inductor it is 3 - 4.1 dB, respectively. From Figure 5(b), the forward gain with source inductor is 11.3 - 12.1 dB and without source inductor it is 11.7 - 12.9 dB, respectively. For the proposed circuit, first, the number of inductors must be decreased to decrease chip size. Second, input matching for the whole band must be done. Third, it is necessary to avoid the generation of thermal noise sources with a parasitic resistor.
Finally, whether the source inductor is adopted or not in the circuit for wideband application, there is a little difference of performance from the effect of gain or noise figure. So the source inductor is omitted to save the chip size in our proposed circuit. The detail usage of source inductor is more described in the references [34] .
2.3. Analysis of Current Reused Stage and Output Buffer
Cascode topology is commonly used to save power and for high gains with a fixed supply voltage application. Recently, the current reused structure has been popularly adopted [27] [32] [35] . The first stage (C1, C2, L1, L2, M1) is designed to resonate at the lower band, and the second stage (R1, L4, L5, M2) is designed to resonate at the higher band.
For RF signal analysis, the forward gain Av from signal source Vsig to output voltage Vout can be expressed as the following Equation (9):
where AV1 is the gain of transistor M1, AV2 is the gain of transistor M2 and AV3 is the gain of transistor M3, respectively. The detailed derivation can be seen in the appendix.
The output resistance Rout is approximated with a low frequency model as in Equation (10):
When gm3 is the transconductance of transistor M3, ro3 and ro4 are the output resistance of transistors M3 and M4, respectively. For UWB application, the inter stage inductor L6 can resonate with the parasitic capacitor (Cgs3) of transistor M3 which creates gain peaking at the high frequency band at about 11 GHz. Of course, it also provides the best gain flatness of the proposed circuit. For achieving good gain flatness, the optimization value of L6 and L4 are 2.93 nH and 0.48 nH, respectively.
The body biased technique is not used for designing in traditional electronic circuitry with respect to body effect. Recently, self forward body bias and adaptive body bias have been adopted to design circuits that use less power in narrow band considerations [29] [36] -[38] . The wideband and UWB LNA are even reported in the following references [28] [39] [40] .
Since the standard CMOS process is without a multiple gate oxide option, the threshold voltage VT can be calculated by adjusting with VSB as shown in Equation (11):
where VSB is the source to body voltage, VT0 is the threshold voltage for VSB = 0, γ is a process dependent parameter, and is a semiconductor parameter with a typical value in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 V.
There are two models to understand the body bias technique with analytical expression of the circuit.
1) Body effect analog modeling
First, assuming which is the “small signal” approach, and by applying the Taylor series to expression (11), we obtain Equation (12).
This Equation (12) highlights a linear relationship between the threshold voltage of the MOS transistor and the potential applied to its bulk.
2) DC mode
The MOS drain current is given by:
For a given VGS, ID current flowing through the MOS transistor depends on bulk-to-source voltage. Hence, transistor biasing can be controlled thanks to the body effect in a DC approach. However, one has to pay attention to the fact that the VSB range is limited. Indeed, if the VT enhancement induces no significant parasitic constraint on DC characteristics despite the current decrease, the reduction of the threshold voltage can disturb the transistor effect.
Assuming that VSB is lower than roughly speaking 0.7 V, the bulk-to-source PN junction of the NMOS transistor is thus forward biased, producing a leakage current and aborting the transistor functionality. It sets up the limit whose body effect is useful to implement a function thanks to the DC approach. To use body bias NMOSFET, a deep Nwell process is needed. In addition, a deep Nwell process can reduce noise cross-talk through the substrate [39] .
This circuit design with body bias technique allows for a reduction in power consumption. A 0.45 V body bias is used to make the transistors in the strong inversion region. It can be seen from Figure 6(a) that the transistor with 0.45 V body bias enters the strong inversion region, while the one with 0 V body bias is still in the weak inversion region.
The gain and NF of the LNA are drawn versus VBS as shown in Figure 6(b). The reduction of body bias implies a current decrease thus lessening both gains and noise figures. Therefore, we set VBB = 0.45 V. Practically, the forward body voltage is limited to 0.4 - 0.7 V.
To further investigate the influence of the bias conditions on the noise figure (NF), the simulated values versus gate to source voltage (VGS) for the different body bias voltages are demonstrated in Figure 6(c), which provides the design guidelines of the LNA. The cross section region with optimum values are preferred, the voltages of VGS and VBS are as low as good for low power design. Therefore, the voltage VG is chosen as 0.55 V.
However, how much power can be reduced by the body biased technique is still uncertain. In the circuit, if the parameter gain and S11 are in the same condition, then without body bias, the simulation of power consumption in the core circuit is 4.44 mW for 1.2-V supply voltage and 7.23 mW including the output buffer. With body bias, the simulation of power consumption in the core circuit is 3.24 mW and 4.1 mW including the output buffer. The measurement of the power consumption is 3.32 mW and 4.6 mW including the output buffer.
3. Measurement
Figure 7 shows the die photo of the UWB LNA with the body bias technique, which has a chip size of 0.928 mm2. In Figure 8 it can be seen that the input return loss (S11) is lower than −12 dB, but in Figure 9, it can be seen that the output return loss (S22) is lower than −14 dB from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, respectively. The power gain, whose peak value is 13 dB, is shown in Figure 10. In Figure 11, it can be seen that the noise figure is 4 dB - 5.7 dB from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with a 1 V supply voltage. In Figure 12, the third-order input intercept point (IIP3) is −14 dBm. The total power consumption is 4.6 mW at 1 V supply voltage.
To compare the overall performance of our LNAS with previously published ones, a figure of merit (FOM) that takes into account the gain, NF, BW, IIP3, and the DC power consumption of the LNA is defined as [41] [42]
(a) Simulation I<sub>D</sub> and V<sub>G</sub> characteristics of a NMOS transistor with forward body bias; (b) Characteristics of the power gain and noise verse V<sub>BS</sub>; (c) Simulation NF and I<sub>D</sub> of the MOSFET with a fixed V<sub>DS</sub> of 1 V for the different body bias
Layout of the proposed UWB LNA with body bias technique
Measured and simulated S<sub>11</sub> of the fabricated LNA
Measured and simulated S<sub>22</sub> of the fabricated LNA
Measured and simulated S<sub>21</sub> of the fabricated LNA
Measured and simulated NF of the fabricated LNA
Measured IIP<sub>3</sub> of the fabricated LNA
Where BW is the bandwidth, PD is the power consumption in milliwatts, the values of gain and noise factor F are their absolute values, IIP3 is indicated as linearity of the amplifier or circuit, and also called the input third-order intercept point.
The comparison of the proposed work with other reported papers are shown in Table 1. Our work shows high
Measured comparison of the proposed 3.1 - 10.6 GHz
Reference
[10] ‘09
[14] ‘10
[19] ‘07
[22] ‘10
[27] ‘10
This work
Technology (CMOS)
0.18-μm
0.18-μm
0.18-μm
0.18-μm
0.18-μm (LNA2)
0.18-μm
Frequency (GHz)
1 - 10
3.1 - 10.6
1.2 - 11.9
3.1 - 10.6
3.1 - 10.6
3.1 - 10.6
S11 (dB)
<−8
<−11
N/A
<−13.5
<−8.6
<−12
S22 (dB)
<−10.8
N/A
N/A
<−10.1
<−10
<−14
S21MAX (dB)
10.5
11/14
10.6
12
12.26
13
NFmin (dB)
4.2
5.1/4.5
3.4
5.27
3.84
4
IIP3 (dBm)
1
−12
−6.2
−2.23
−11
−14
PDC_CORE (mW)
12.65
9/21
20
4.5
10.34
3.32
Area (mm2)
0.69
0.46
0.59
1.03
0.536
0.928
FOM (only core LNA)
4.58
4.09/6.41
4.77
8.44
6.26
12.01
FOM_IIP3 (only core LNA)
5.77
0.258/0.403
1.14
5.05
0.495
0.773
performance of gain and low power dissipation.
In general case of low noise amplifier, most of the circuit design did not consider the linearity characterization. The linearity has a serious effect on the power amplifier. Therefore, we can show that our performance of FOM is better than others, and FOM_IIP3 is fairly good but still not the optimal choice.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a UWB low noise amplifier with body bias technique has been presented. The proposed body bias technique is employed to achieve low power consumption. The T-type matching network used for input matching to achieve gain flatness and frequency bandwidth. The power consumption is as low as 4.6 mW with a 1 V supply voltage. From 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, the maximum power gain is 13 dB and the minimum noise figure is 4 dB.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the National Science Council, (NSC100-221-E-224-072), Taiwan , ROC. The authors wish to thank the Chip Implementation Center (CIC) and TSMC for supporting the CMOS process and further fabrication.
Cite this paper
Meng-TingHsu,Kun-LongWu,Wen-ChenChiu, (2015) Systematic Approaches of UWB Low-Power CMOS LNA with Body Biased Technique. Wireless Engineering and Technology,06,61-77. doi: 10.4236/wet.2015.63007
Appendix
This section is the calculation of gain. Figure APP1 shows the small signal high frequency model of the complete circuit. The overall gain of the small signal analysis can be expressed by Equation (1):
where Vout is the output voltage, VSig is the signal source voltage, Av1 is the gain of transistor M1, Av2 is the gain of transistor M2 and Av3 is the gain of transistor M3.
The gain of the transistor can be expressed by Equations (2)-(4):
where Vd1 is the voltage of transistor M1 drain terminal, Vgs1 is the voltage on Cgs1, Vg1 is the voltage of transistor M1 gate terminal.
where VL is the output voltage of transistor M2, Vd2 is the voltage of M2 drain terminal, Vgs2 is the voltage on Cgs2.
where Vs3 is the voltage of transistor M3 source terminal, Vg3 is the voltage of M3 gate terminal.
We can calculate each ratio of the previous description from Equations (2) to (4) by the backward direction. Therefore, we can obtain the following equation from (5) to (12).
Figure APP1. Small signal model.
In the circuit, analysis of the high frequency models always meets the Miller’s theorem. The ratio of drain to
gate node with transistor M1 is by . Transistor M2 is also simply expressed as . Therefore,
K1 and K2 can be obtained in equations (13) and (14), respectively. Finally, we can get the total overall gain of the complete circuit in Equation (1).
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