Omeprazole is a potent proton pump inhibitor with powerful inhibition of secretion of gastric juice. Oral site-specific drug delivery systems have recently attracted a great interest for the local treatment of bowel disease and for improving systemic absorption of drugs which are unstable in the stomach. However, microenvironment in the gastrointestinal tract and varying absorption mechanisms cause hindrance for the formulation and optimization of oral drug delivery. The objective of the study was to develop and optimize enteric coating process for omeprazole tablets. Different batches of core tablets were sub coated, one set sub coated with opadry and another with a mixture of light magnesium oxide, magnesium stearate and absolute alcohol omeprazole magnesium. Seal coating was applied by using opadry to achieve certain weight gain and to protect omeprazole from acidic coating polymers. A comparative dissolution test was performed. The variation of thickness and diameter were observed to be minimal with a weight gain of 3% - 4% of enteric polymer. Disintegration test showed that in each tested batch the enteric coated layer remained intact in 0.1N HCl for 2 hours and when exposed to alkaline media of phosphate buffer pH 6.8, it dissolved within few minutes. Dissolution release was 98.8% to 102.4% within two hours when the product was exposed to phosphate buffer pH 6.8 after 2 hours. The similarity and dis-similarity factors were calculated and observed to be 54 to 61 and 4 to 5 respectively. Therefore a simple and good enteric coating process was developed and tested with potential for transfer this technology into local pharmaceutical industries using cheap and easily available materials.
1), is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. It shows powerful inhibitory action against secretion of gastric juice and is used in treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers [1] . However, omeprazole is susceptible to degradation/transformation in acid reacting and neural media [1] .
The in vitro degradation of omeprazole is catalyzed by acidic compounds and is stabilized in mixtures with alkaline compounds. Moisture and organic solvents also affect the stability of omeprazole. From the data of stability studies of omeprazole, it is obvious that an oral dosage form must be protected from contact with acid gastric juice in order to reach the small intestine without degradation [1] -[3] .
Human pharmacological studies showed that the rate of release of omeprazole from solid dosage form could influence the total extent of absorption of omeprazole to the general circulation [2] . A fully bioavailable dosage form of omeprazole must release the active drug rapidly in the proximal part of gastrointestinal canal [2] .
The pharmaceutical dosage form with property of protecting omeprazole from contact with gastric acid must be developed, that is core. The core must be enteric coated. The core developed must be alkaline in nature as most of available acid compounds will not favor stability of omeprazole [4] .
Coating polymer, such as Eudragit L 30, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate and acryl EZE® (Aqueous Acrylic Enteric System), to achieve 5% weight gain may be considered [5] . This is due to the fact that they permit the dissolution of the coating and the active drug contained in the core once in the proximal part of the small intestine. They also allow some diffusion of water of gastric acid through them into the cores, at the time when the dosage form resides in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine [5] [6] .
It is expected that the diffused water of gastric juice will dissolve parts of the core in the close proximity of the enteric coating layer and form an alkaline solution in the coated dosage form. The alkaline solution is expected to interfere with the enteric coating and eventually dissolve it [6] .
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Equipments
The equipments include: Tabular mixer (Analytical Technology, Bangalore, India), Korsh EK 01 tablet press machine (Germany), auto coater (Glatt, Germany), Monsanto type tablet hardness tester (IEC, Mumbai, India), Roche Fribilator (electro lab, Bangalore, India), single pan balance (Shimadzu,AX200, Japan), Disintegration Apparatus USP (Elecrolab, Bangalore, India), graduated cylinder (Fisher Scientific, Germany), sieve analyzer (Endecott’s, Germany), glass bottles (Fisher Scientific, Germany), HPLC (Shimazdu, Japan), ERWEKA TBH machine (Heusenstamm, Germany), Dissolution Test Apparatus (Elecro Lab, TDT-08L, Mumbai, India.
Mumbai, India), Water aerosil 200 (Shandong Liaocheng Ehua Medicine Co. Ltd., Shandong, China) and Magnesium stearate (Hozhou Zhanwang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Huzhou, China), Kollicoat® MAE Polymers (BASF, Germany). Other reagents and solvents were procured commercially and were of pharmaceutical and analytical grade. Application of the entire materials (Active ingredient and excipients) has been described in Table 1.
In vitro analysis of the prepared tablets was carried out as per the requirements of enteric coated tablets as specified in official pharmacopoeia [7] .
2.3. Experimental Methods2.3.1. Preparation of Core Tablets
Since omeprazole magnesium is moisture sensitive material, all the processing steps including weighing, mixing, direct compression and coating was carried out at 30˚C ± 2˚C and 60% ± 5% RH [8] .
The materials for preparation of core tablets for three different as listed in Table 2 were accurately weighed and then sodium laurly sulphate was sieved through 0.5 mm sieve. Omeprazole magnesium, sodium laurly sulphate and maize starch together were placed in a tubular mixer and mixed for 10 minutes. Another mixture of maize starch, Lactose and water aerosil 200 were place in a tubular mixer and mixed for 10 minutes and then the two mixtures together with magnesium stearate was sieved through 0.8 sieves and mixed for 5 minutes. Thereafter the mixtures were compressed in Korsh EK 01 Tablet press machine using 9 mm-R15 punch to form tablets. Three batches were prepared for each formulation.
Formulation ingredients of Omeprazole 20 mg enteric coated tablets
Category
Ingredients
Application
Core Tablets Ingredients
Omeprazole Magnesium
Active
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Lubricant
Tablottose (Lactose)
Binder
Avicel ph 102
Disintegrant
Maize starch
Diluent
Water Aerosil 200
Glidant
Magnesium Stearate
Lubricant
Sub Coating I Ingredients
OPADRY White (HPMC)
Phosphate Buffer pH
Sub Coating II Ingredients
Cellular Powder
Water Insoluble Polymer
Light Magnesium Oxide
Stabilizer/Alkalizer
Magnesium Stearate
Anti-Sticking Agent
Absolute Alcohol
Solvent
Enteric Coating Ingredients
Kollicoat MAE 30 DP*
Enteric Coating Polymer
Propylene Gycol
Plasticizer
Water
Solvent
*Kollicoat MAE 30 DP is Methacrylic acid copolymer.
2.3.2. In Process Quality Control (IPQC) of Core Tables
Before sub coating of core tablets, IPQC tests was conducted. The parameters tested were weight variation, thickness, diameter, hardness, friability and disintegration time as per USP Pharmacopoeia [7] .
2.3.3. Sub Coating of Core Tablets
Sub coating was done for the purpose of acting as moisture barrier to core tablet and preventing interaction between acidic labile omeprazole and acidic enteric coating material. Two sets of sub coating materials were considered (Sub coating I and Sub coating II) as depicted in Table 1 and Table 2. The Sub Coating material for I was prepared by weighed 2.5 mg of OPADRY and dissolved it in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 to obtain 0.25% w/v of OPADRY solution. The obtained solution was atomized from the top of the apparatus for coating of tablets with coating parameters shown in Table 3. The materials for preparation of Sub coating II were dispensed as depicted in Table 1 and Table 2 and dissolved in absolute alcohol. The mixture was stirred for 45 minutes till homogenous suspension was obtained and sifted through 0.5 sieve then sub coating was done as per set parameters in Table 3. The sub coating for those tablets was done in Glatt auto coater.
2.3.4. Enteric Coating of Sub-Coated Tablets
Enteric coating of sub coated tablets was done after accurately weighed ingredients of coating materials as depicted in Table 1 and Table 2. Propylene glycol was first dissolved in specified amount of water followed by stirring. Then Kollicoat MAE 30 DP was added while stirring. Machine parameters were as in Table 4. Sub
Formulations details of Omeprazole 20 mg enteric coated tablets
Formulations
OME 001
OME 002
OME 003
OME 004
OME 005
OME 006
Core Tablets Ingredients (mg)
Omeprazole Magnesium
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.1
Tablottose (Lactose)
76.0
76.0
76.0
76.0
76.0
76.0
Avicel ph 102
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
Maize starch
Water Aerosil 200
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Magnesium Stearate
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Sub Coating 1 Ingredients
OPADRY White (HPMC)
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
Phosphate Buffer pH
QS
QS
QS
QS
QS
QS
Sub Coating II Igredients
Cellulose Powder
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
Light Magnesium Oxide
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
Magnesium Stearate
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
Absolute Alcohol
QS
QS
QS
QS
QS
QS
Enteric Coating Material
Kollicoat MAE 30 DP*
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
Propylene glycol
4.2%
4.2%
4.2%
4.2%
4.2%
4.2%
Water
25.8%
25.8%
25.8%
25.8%
25.8%
25.8%
*Kollicoat MAE 30 DP is Methacrylic acid copolymer.
Process Parameters to be controlled during sub coating
Process Parameters
Formulation I
Formulation II
Pan speed
2 RPM
2 RPM
Inlet air temperature
40˚C ± 5˚C
50˚C ± 5˚C
Outlet air temperature
30˚C ± 5˚C
40˚C ± 5˚C
Air volume
360 m2/h
360 m2/h
Nozzle diameter
1.0 mm
1.0 mm
Atomizing air pressure
2.0 bar
2.0 bar
Spraying rate
1.5 ml/min
1 gm/min
Coating level
3%
3%
Process parameters to be controlled during enteric coating
Process Parameters
Set Limit
Pan speed
2 RPM
Inlet air temperature
50˚C ± 5˚C
Outlet air temperature
30˚C ± 5˚C
Air volume
360 m2/h
Nozzle diameter
1.0 mm
Atomizing air pressure
2.0 bar
Spraying rate
30 - 35 g/min (1.5 ml/Min)
Coating level
3% - 4%
coated tablets were pre heated in coating pan for 10 minutes at 40˚C ± 5˚C. The tablets were coated in Glatt auto coater to achieve 3% to 4% weight gain.
2.3.5. Evaluation of Coated Tablets
Enteric coated tablets of omeprazole were evaluated for weight variation, Thickness, Diameter, Hardness, Friability and Disintegration time as per USP Pharmacopoeia. The formulations assessed by content uniformity test and dissolution testing by USP Type I Basket apparatus at 100 RPM in 900 ml of 0.1 N HCl for 120 minutes and afterwards in phosphate buffer of 6.8 for 60 minutes [7] .
3. Results and Discussion
All of the studied physical properties were within the acceptable range with narrow variation and complied with the pharmacopoeia specifications for both core and coated tablets. The parameters tested were diameter, hardness, friability and weight variation. The shape and the size of tablets for all batches were found to be within the acceptable limit. For core tablets diameter for all tablets range between 9.37 to 9.39 mm and hardness of all formulations lies within the range of 66 to 68 N. All formulations passes friability test as the percentage weight loss was within pharmacopeia limit, i.e. NMT 1%. The weight variation and drug content of all the formulations were found to be within the acceptable limit.
For coated tablets, three batches were taken and each was divided into two batches, i.e. OME 001, OME 002 & OME 003 divided into OME 001A, OME 001B, OME 002A, OME 002B, OME 003A and OME 003B. Where the A ones were of sub-coated I and of B were of sub-coated II. There was a weight gain of 3% - 4% of the enteric polymer. The thickness and diameter of 20 coated tablets from each formulation was determined using ERWEKA TBH machine and average value were calculated and evaluated as per USP 30. The hardness of tablets ranges from 67 N to 73 N. The variation of thickness and diameter was observed to be minimal. The percentage of friability of tablets ranges from 0.339% to 0.468% which was in acceptable range. The percentage of drug content of the formulated tablets when assayed was 100.1% to 105.9% which is within specification. Results showed no significant differences. Results for evaluation of core tablets are summarized in Table 6.
3.1. In Process Quality Control (IPQC) Tests for Core Tablets
Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. The results of in process quality control tests are listed in Table 5 and they show that the product was firm enough to withstand handling without breaking and not so hard that the disintegration time can be prolonged. Therefore all batches are considered to be optimized core tablets for further experiment.
3.2. Evaluation of Coated Tablets
The friability results of coated tablets indicate good mechanical resistance of tablets. Results showed no significant differences. Results for evaluation of coated tablets are summarized in Table 6.
Disintegration Test show that in all six tablets in each tested batch the enteric coated layer remained intact in 0.1N HCl for 2 hours but there were few signs of cracking and little swelling observed. The enteric coating layer of tablets started to imbibe the alkaline media of phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and completely removed approximately at 30 minutes and afterwards tablets were completely dissolved within 50 minutes.
3.3. In Vitro Drug Release
The in vitro dissolution of all formulated batches (i.e. OME 001A, OME 002A, OME 003A, OME 001B, OME 002B & OME 003B) was studied in 0.1N HCl for 2 hours and 1 hour in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The results observed showed that for all batches there was physical resistance to the acid medium with few signs of cracking and swelling and the drug released after two hours was found to be within specified limit (Table 7 and Figure 2).
Evaluation test of Omeprazole core tablets
Batches
Diameter (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Friability (%)
Hardness (N)
Weight uniformity (mg)
Assay (%)
Disintegration time (Min)
OME 001
9.37 ± 0.03
4.28 ± 0.11
0.369
66.75
221.55 ± 6
105.2 ± 1.1
NMT 5
OME 002
9.37 ± 0.03
4.28 ± 0.14
0.387
59.9
221.55 ± 5
104.5 ± 1.1
NMT6
OME 003
9.38 ± 0.05
4.28 ± 0.11
0.339
67
221.55 ± 5
105.2 ± 1.1
NMT 5
OME 004
9.38 ± 0.05
4.28 ± 0.11
0.350
70
221.55 ± 5
105.9 ± 0.1
NMT 7
OME 005
9.37 ± 0.03
4.28 ± 0.11
0.386
68
221.55 ± 6
99 ± 1.1
NMT6
OME 006
9.37 ± 0.03
4.28 ± 0.11
0.370
60
221.55 ± 7.
99 ± 1.1
NMT 5
NB: All values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 20).
Evaluation test of Omeprazole enteric coated tablets
IPQC Parameters
OME 001A
OME 001B
OME 002A
OME 002B
OME00 3A
OME 00 3B
Diameter (mm)
9.4 ± 0.05
9.42 ± 0.05
9.38 ± 0.05
9.3 ± 0.05
9.41 ± 0.06
9.48 ± 0.06
Thickness (mm)
5.77 ± 0.11
5.78 ± 0.11
6.02 ± 0.10
6.0 ± 0.10
5.97 ± 0.11
5.90 ± 0.11
Friability (5)
0.369
0.387
0.339
0.350
0.468
0.384
Hardness (N)
69
70
67
73
68
72
Weight uniformity
229.6 ± 10
231.3 ± 10
231.1 ± 10
231.9 ± 10
231.8 ± 10
231.7 ± 10
Assay (%)
105.2 ± 1.1
104.5 ± 0.0
105.5 ± 0.1
105.9 ± 0.1
100.1 ± 0.3
100.1 ± 0.3
NB: All values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 20).
Drug release profile
% Drug Release
OME 001A
OME 002A
OME 003A
OME 001B
OME 002B
OME 003B
0.1N HCl within 2 Hrs
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 after 2 Hrs
02:10
34.07
22.18
23.08
68.9
70.2
93.0
02:20
52.99
35.88
37.07
78.8
79.23
95.0
02:40
72.03
52.78
53.57
90.25
91.45
98.3
02:50
86.5
77.05
78.68
98.9
99.1
101.3
03:00
98.8
99.1
99.1
100.82
101.3
102.4
Drug release profile of formulated omeprazole enteric coated tablets in 0.1N HCL and phosphate buffer 6.8
Therefore all batches were selected as optimized batches because they have shown better drug release even though the formulation sub coated with opadry solution has a better dissolution profile i.e. OME 001 - 003A and consumed less concentration of enteric coating polymer.
3.4. Comparison of Developed Generic Omeprazole Magnesium Enteric Coated with Marketed Products
The selected batches i.e. OME 001 and OME 002 were compared with Pilorsec capsules 20 mg and Losec Mups 20 mg. Pilorsec capsules was dropped from the study after the capsules dissolved immediately in the acid and noted that omeprazole powder and sodium bicarbonate was present in the capsules without any protection. The disintegration time and release profile of selected formulations and Losec is given in Table 8. From the results it was concluded that the formulated generic products had similar disintegration profile, drug content and percentage release with marketed product.
3.5. Similarity and Dissimilarity Studies
The Similarity Factor (F2 value) and Dissimilarity Factor (F1) were calculated using equation of similarity by using a simple model independent approach to compare dissolution profile between Formulated products OME 001A & OME 002B and marketed product Losec MUPS 20 mg [9] . The equations used were as follows:
Dissolution test profile of prepared formulations with Losec Mups 20 mg
By using the formula [10] , F2 value was calculate and found to be 61 for OME 001A and 54 for comparison with OME 002B. Therefore the F2 values ensure the sameness or equivalence of two curves. The respective F1 values were found to be 4 and 5 respectively. Using the mean dissolution values from the two curves at each time interval the different factor F1 and similarity Factor F2 were calculated using the above equations, the results showed that the curves were similar to F1 which were close to zero i.e. between 0 and 15 and F2 values close to 100 as the values were greater than 50 (Figure 3).
4. Conclusion
A simple and good enteric coated omeprazole magnesium tablets with potential for transfer into local industries in Tanzania was developed and tested. Opadry white coating (HPMC) (Sub-coating I) and a mixture of cellulose powder, light magnesium oxide, magnesium stearate and absolute alcohol (Sub-coating II) were used for sub-coating. The enteric coating was successfully done by using Kollicoat® Methacrylic acid AE 30 DP (Methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate copolymers) which is an aqueous dispersion.
Acknowledgements
Migoha C.O is thankful to Tanzania Food & Drugs Authority for sponsoring the programme and for providing necessary facilities to carry out analysis work at its laboratory, also the School of Pharmacy for providing required facilities to carry out formulation development of the product.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.
Cite this paper
Christopher OswaldMigoha,EliangiringaKaale,GodliverKagashe, (2015) Formulation Development of Generic Omeprazole 20 mg Enteric Coated Tablets. Pharmacology & Pharmacy,06,293-301. doi: 10.4236/pp.2015.67031
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