This study focused on identification of mobilization initiatives for enhancing student’s enrolment into Vocational and Technical Education (VTE) programs in Nigerian Universities. Three research questions guided the study while three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study was carried out in South East, Nigeria. Population for the study was 1340. Sample for the study was 753 obtained through proportionate (30%) stratified random sampling technique. A 38 item questionnaire was developed and used to collect data. Data obtained were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while t-test statistic was used to test hypotheses at probability of 0.05 level. It was found out by the study that 38 mobilization initiatives could be used to enhance students’ enrolment into Vocational and Technical Education Programs in Nigerian Universities. It was therefore recommended that the identified mobilization initiatives be implemented by relevant stakeholders to enhance secondary school students’ enrollment into VTE programs in Nigerian Universities.
Vocational and technical education is an aspect of learning which leads to the acquisition of practical and applied skills as well as basic scientific knowledge. It is a form of education designed to prepare students for employment in industry, agriculture and commerce after graduation. In the views of Okoro [
The aims and objectives of vocational and technical education, according to Olaitan [
The challenges facing vocational and technical education program in Nigerian Universities in the views of Amoor [
It was observed by the researchers that most students seeking entry into universities in the South East, Nigeria preferred to study general management, physical sciences, medicine, engineering and other professional courses to vocational and technical education courses like agricultural education, home economics, business education etc, where they believed that they could easily secure white collar jobs. In an interactive session with some of the students in Government College Umuahia and Ibeku High school both in Abia State, it was revealed that many students did not have the interest to opt for vocational education courses in universities because they felt that vocational education programs were for the academically less endowed and the never did wells. A further investigation was made by the researchers during a conference held by the Science Teachers Association of Nigeria (STAN) in Enugu State (the capital city of the old Eastern state of Nigeria) in August 2013, where science teachers gathered for academic discussions and revealed that many parents wanted their children and wards to study either physical sciences, law, engineering and medical sciences with low emphasis on vocational education courses. In a communique presented at the conference, it was recommended that efforts should be made by parents and teachers in Nigeria to ensure that students at secondary schools level should be mobilized while in training towards embracing vocational courses they would be trained on skills and competencies that would make them self-reliant after graduation as a means of combating unemployment.
Mobilization in this context involves creating awareness in students about vocational and technical education programs, stimulating their interest towards enrolling into vocational courses in universities and helping them to maintain a quality standard of their choice vocation for self-reliance. In the opinion of Okorie [
1) mobilization initiatives as it pertains to creating awareness and sustaining students’ interest;
2) levels of decision making and clarification of issues;
3) motivational requirements to students for choice of vocational education programmes in Nigeria.
Three research questions guided the study and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Survey research design was adopted for the study. Survey research design in the opinion of Nworgu [
A 38 item questionnaire on mobilization initiatives in creating awareness and interest, decision making and clarification, and motivational requirements for Students’ enrolment for effective VTE programmes was developed. The instrument had a four point response scale of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D) Strongly Disagree (SD) with corresponding values of 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The instrument was face validated by three experts. One from department of Guidance and Counselling from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State and two from department of Vocational Teachers Education from University of Nigeria Nsukka. The validators’ comments helped in improving the questionnaire. Split half technique and Pearson Product Moment correlation method were used to determine the stability of the questionnaire which yielded a coefficient of 0.84. Seven hundred and fifty three (753) copies of the questionnaire were administered on the respondents comprising teachers in Nigerian Secondary schools and students in Abia State through the help of 12 trained research assistants. 625 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved. The mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. In taking decision on the value of the mean, arithmetic mean of the response options of 4, 3, 2, and 1 was calculated and the result was 2.50. This was used as cut-off point. Any item with a mean value of 2.50 or above was regarded as an item agreed upon by the respondents as mobilization initiatives while any item below 2.50 was regarded as an item which the respondents disagreed with. Standard deviation was used to determine the closeness of the opinion of the respondents to the mean and one another. Any item with a standard deviation less than 1.96 (95% confidence limit) indicated that the respondents were close to the mean and one another in their responses. The t-test statistic was used to test the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis was upheld for any item whose t-cal is lower than t-table value (critical value) while any item whose t-cal is greater than the t-table value (critical value) was rejected at probability of 0.05.
Results for this study were obtained from the research questions answered and hypotheses tested through data collected and analyzed.
Research question 1: What are the mobilization initiatives that could be used to create awareness and interest among students on enhancing students’ enrolment into Vocational and Technical Education programme in Nigerian Universities?
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of senior secondary school students and teachers on mobilization initiatives that could be used to create awareness and interest among students on enhancing their enrolment into Vocational and Technical Education in Nigerian Universities.
The data for answering research question 1 and testing the hypothesis are presented in
Data in
Research question 2: What are the mobilization initiatives that could be used to help students make decision
| S/N | Item Statement | SD | S2 1 | S2 2 | t-cal | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Organize regular vocational activities targeting youth and the communities | 3.84 | 0.26 | 2.71 | 2.84 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 1.25 | Agreed NS |
| 2 | Document success stories of persons that excelled through voc. Training skills | 3.81 | 0.28 | 2.94 | 2.98 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 1.27 | Agreed NS |
| 3 | Provide demonstration stalls at schools/festivals | 2.94 | 0.24 | 2.88 | 2.96 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 1.28 | Agreed NS |
| 4 | Organise face to face communication | 3.21 | 0.19 | 3.34 | 3.18 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 1.30 | Agreed Ns |
| 5 | Publish newsletters periodically on vocational education | 3.28 | 0.23 | 3.35 | 2.96 | 0.38 | 0.62 | 0.62 | Agreed NS |
| 6 | Use television to broadcast documentaries on vocational success | 2.93 | 0.17 | 3.12 | 2.87 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 1.83 | Agreed Ns |
| 7 | Employ trained career counsellors to schools to help exploit students career paths | 2.77 | 0.19 | 2.88 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 1.91 | Agreed Ns |
| 8 | Organise regular training to sensitize youths on TVET | 3.10 | 0.26 | 3.21 | 2.93 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.64 | Agreed Ns |
| 9 | Publish Governments accomplishment reports on vocational education | 3.29 | 0.20 | 3.33 | 3.30 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 1.56 | Agreed Ns |
| 10 | Use SMS broadcasts and e-mails sent by stakeholders | 3.15 | 0.28 | 3.26 | 3.19 | 0.53 | 0.30 | 1.57 | Agreed Ns |
| 11 | Publish TVET survey reports by experts | 2.90 | 0.18 | 3.18 | 2.84 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 1.30 | Agreed Ns |
| 12 | Use social networks like tweeter, facebook, whatsapp etc to reach out to the youth | 3.23 | 0.25 | 3.41 | 3.20 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.65 | Agreed Ns |
| 13 | Use singers and actresses to feature TVET programs on TVs and radios (infomercials) | 3.28 | 0.24 | 3.21 | 3.10 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.58 | Agreed Ns |
| 14 | Organise periodic press releases on TVET programs | 3.41 | 0.28 | 2.98 | 3.21 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.54 | Agreed Ns |
| 15 | Display streamers, banners and bill boards in strategic positions inviting the public on TVET programs | 3.88 | 0.24 | 2.73 | 3.28 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.55 | Agreed Ns |
| 16 | Organise exhibits, fairs, skills competitions and foras on TVET periodically | 3.74 | 0.19 | 2.94 | 2.87 | 0.28 | 0.64 | 0.60 | Agreed Ns |
and clarify issues?
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in mean ratings of the responses of senior secondary school students and teachers on mobilization initiatives that could be used to help students make decision and clarify issues on enrolment into Vocational and Technical education in Nigerian Universities.
The data for answering research question 2 and testing the hypothesis are presented in
Data in
| S/N | Item Statement | SD | S2 1 | S2 2 | t-cal | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Explain to students the benefits associated to choice of Vocational education courses | 2.85 | 0.31 | 3.07 | 2.88 | 0.49 | 0.68 | 0.76 | Agreed Ns |
| 2 | Encourage students to take part in vocational skills awareness programs in their communities | 2.93 | 0.22 | 2.98 | 2.92 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 1.50 | Agreed Ns |
| 3 | Explain to the students lessons to be learnt from vocational entrepreneurs | 3.19 | 0.24 | 3.18 | 2.96 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.72 | Agreed Ns |
| 4 | Explain to students the dangers inherent in joblessness after graduation | 2.86 | 0.21 | 3.08 | 2.84 | 0.47 | 0.71 | 0.77 | Agreed Ns |
| 5 | Identify laudable vocations with the students within their locality | 3.31 | 0.29 | 3.39 | 3.21 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 1.82 | Agreed Ns |
| 6 | Encourage students to identify their latent potentials | 2.82 | 0.17 | 2.78 | 2.83 | 0.56 | 0.46 | -0.82 | Agreed Ns |
| 7 | Encourage students to visit vocational skills/technical centres | 2.96 | 0.27 | 3.13 | 2.82 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 1.92 | Agreed Ns |
| 8 | Encourage students to gather enough information about the benefits of VTE | 3.25 | 0.18 | 3.28 | 2.92 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.64 | Agreed Ns |
| 9 | Guide students towards identifying their career paths | 3.16 | 0.26 | 3.22 | 2.86 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.73 | Agreed Ns |
and technical education in Nigerian Universities.. The table also revealed that all the 9 items had their standard deviation ranged from 0.17 to 0.31 which indicated that the respondents were not too far from the mean and were close to one another in their responses. The table also showed that all the 9 items had their t-cal lower than the critical value of 1.96 at probability of 0.05 level of significance and 230 degrees of freedom. This showed that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of the two groups of respondents on mobilization initiatives that could be used to help students make decisions and clarify issues on enrolment into VTE programme of universities.
Research questions 3: What are the motivational factors that could be employed to promote quality and attraction to students in order to enhance their enrolment into Vocational and Technical Education in Nigerian Universities?
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of secondary school students and teachers on motivational initiatives that could be used to promote students enrolment into Vocational Technical Education in Nigerian Universities.
The data for answering research question 3 and testing the hypothesis are presented in
The result of the study in table one revealed that 13 items were identified as mobilization initiatives that could be used to motivate students to enrol into VTE program in Nigerian universities. The result of the study in table 2 revealed that 13 items were identified as mobilization initiatives that could be used to motivate students towards enrolment into VTE programs. Result of the study in
| S/N | Item Statement | SD | S2 1 | S2 2 | t-cal | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Consider students in planning for success in VTE program implementation | 3.21 | 0.26 | 3.41 | 3.36 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 1.30 | Agreed Ns |
| 2 | Locate vocational skill centres and their accessibility in the community | 3.31 | 0.19 | 3.36 | 3.29 | 0.71 | 0.58 | 1.16 | Agreed Ns |
| 3 | Organise competition with reward among community students on vocational skills | 2.93 | 0.23 | 3.19 | 2.86 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 1.41 | Agreed Ns |
| 4 | Reward students effort in production skills and demonstration accordingly | 3.06 | 0.17 | 2.98 | 2.95 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 1.84 | Agreed Ns |
| 5 | Encourage students to visit vocational schools/centres for observation and experience sharing | 2.93 | 0.24 | 3.09 | 2.84 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 1.17 | Agreed Ns |
| 6 | Lead students on exhibition events | 3.28 | 0.28 | 3.34 | 3.31 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.65 | Agreed Ns |
| 7 | Provide clear directions to Vocational educators on VTE program | 3.37 | 0.21 | 3.21 | 3.33 | 0.56 | 0.56 | −0.87 | Agreed Ns |
| 8 | Provide supportive environments that include incentives | 2.82 | 0.26 | 2.90 | 3.10 | 0.73 | 0.62 | −1.24 | Agreed Ns |
| 9 | Make provision for adequate resources and funding to facilitate VTE program | 3.35 | 0.28 | 3.11 | 3.28 | 0.54 | 0.63 | −1.28 | Agreed Ns |
| 10 | Re-assess pre- and in-service teacher education programs | 3.28 | 0.24 | 3.19 | 3.11 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.65 | Agreed Ns |
| 11 | Eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy regarding VTE implementation activities | 3.32 | 0.26 | 3.21 | 3.09 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.68 | Agreed Ns |
| 12 | Send teachers to in-service and professional development training | 3.30 | 0.28 | 3.29 | 3.02 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.53 | Agreed NS |
| 13 | Award scholarships to outstanding students in vocational education | 3.35 | 0.27 | 3.24 | 3.18 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.54 | Agreed NS |
The findings of this study is in agreement with the finding of Olaitan, Alawa and Uzuegbunam [
The findings of this study is in conformity with the finding of Abelega [
The hypothesis tested by the study revealed that there was no significant difference in the opinions of the two groups of respondents on mobilization initiatives that could be used to enhance pupils’ participation in soil erosion management. The implication of these findings is that the professional inclination or experiences of the respondents did not significantly influence their responses to manifest into great differences in opinions.
In the area of study, it was observed by the researchers that secondary school students and some parents did not have the interest in studying vocational and technical education at university level. The researchers identified some problems that militated against low students’ enrolment in vocational and technical education programme in University in South East, Nigeria. Some of such constraints include lack of societal respect for vocational education, the negative notion that vocational education programs are for the academically less endowed and the never do wells, the time consuming nature of the programs, and ignorance of career opportunities in VTE programs among others. This should be an assumed responsibility of every Nigerian citizen given the importance of vocational education to economic development. This study was conducted to identify mobilization initiatives that could be used to enhance secondary school students’ enrolment in VTE programs in Nigerian Universities. It was found out by the study that 38 mobilization initiatives could be used to enhance school students’ enrolment in VTE programs in Universities. It was therefore recommended that the identified mobilization initiatives be implemented by relevant stakeholders including the government to enhance secondary school students’ enrolment in vocational and technical programs in Nigerian Universities.