<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJCM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>American Journal of Computational Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-1203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ajcm.2015.52010</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJCM-56998</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Comparison of Fixed Point Methods and Krylov Subspace Methods Solving Convection-Diffusion Equations
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>ijian</surname><given-names>Wang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>wangxj1980426@163.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>05</volume><issue>02</issue><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day>	<month>March</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>5</month>	<year>June</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day>	<month>June</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  The paper first introduces two-dimensional convection-diffusion equation with boundary value condition, later uses the finite difference method to discretize the equation and analyzes positive definite, diagonally dominant and symmetric properties of the discretization matrix. Finally, the paper uses fixed point methods and Krylov subspace methods to solve the linear system and compare the convergence speed of these two methods.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Finite Difference Method</kwd><kwd> Convection-Diffusion Equation</kwd><kwd> Discretization Matrix</kwd><kwd> Iterative Method</kwd><kwd> Convergence Speed</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>In the case of a linear system<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x5.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the two main classes of iterative methods are the stationary iterative methods (fixed point methods) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref3">3</xref>] , and the more general Krylov subspace methods [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref4">4</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref13">13</xref>] . When these two classical iterative methods suffer from slow convergence for problems which arise from typical applications such as fluid dynamics or electronic device simulation, preconditioning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref14">14</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref16">16</xref>] is a key ingredient for the success of the convergent process.</p><p>The goal of this paper is to find an efficient iterative method combined with preconditioning for the solution of the linear system <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which is related to the following two-dimensional boundary value problem (BVP) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56998-ref17">17</xref>] :</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1034"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For parameter<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we use finite difference method to discretize the Equation (1). Take <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> points in both the x- and y-direction and number the related degrees of freedom first left-right and next bottom-</p><p>top. Now, we take<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, thus the grid size<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. For<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the convection term</p><p>equals to 0, using central difference method to the diffusion term, we get the discretization matrix of the Equation (1)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1035"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the diffusion term use a central difference and for the convection term use central differences scheme as the following:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1036"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we obtain the discretization matrix of the Equation (1)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1037"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1038"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the diffusion term use a central difference and for the convection term use upwind differences scheme as the following:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1039"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we obtain the discretization matrix of the Equation (1)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1040"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1041"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Properties of the Discretization Matrix</title><p>In this section, we would first compute the eigenvalues of the discretization matrices<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of Equation (1), later analyze positive definite, diagonally dominant and symmetric properties of these matrices.</p><sec id="s2_1"><title>2.1. Eigenvalues</title><p>Using MATLAB, the eigenvalues of the discretization matrices<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of Equation (1) are the following:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1042"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2_2"><title>2.2. Definite Positiveness</title><p>Matrix A is positive definite if and only if the symmetric part of A i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is positive definite. Since</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1043"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we have all the eigenvalues of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (i = 0, 1, 2) are the following:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1044"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (i = 0, 1, 2) is positive definite, which means the discretization matrices<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of Equation (1) are positive definite.</p></sec><sec id="s2_3"><title>2.3. Diagonal Dominance</title><p>For all the discretization matrices<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of Equation (1),</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1045"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x40.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore, the discretization matrices<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of Equation (1) are diagonally dominant.</p></sec><sec id="s2_4"><title>2.4. Symmetriness</title><p>It is easy to see that only <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is symmetric.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Stationary Iteration Methods and Krylov Subspace Methods</title><p>The goal of this section is to find an efficient iterative method for the solution of the linear system<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are positive definite and diagonally dominant, we would use fixed point methods and Krylov subspace methods. In this section, first find the suitable convergence tolerance, later use numerical experiments to compare the convergence speed of various iteration methods.</p><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. Convergence Tolerance</title><p>Without loss of generality, take<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, convergence tolerance <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and assume that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56998-formula1046"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x50.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In order to achieve <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in the numerical experiments, we would set convergence tolerance<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. Numerical Experiments</title><p>Computational results using fixed point methods such as Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR etc. and projection methods such as PCG, BICG, BICGSTAB, CGS, GMRES and QMR are listed out in figures (Figures 1-21), for all three different <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> values<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The projection methods are performed with different preconditioning methods such as Jacobi preconditioning, luinc and cholinc preconditioning.</p><p>The tables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>) containing relevant computational details are also given below.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>From the figures (Figures 1-21) and tables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>), we obtain the following conclusions:</p><p>• The convergence speeds of SOR, Backward SOR and SSOR are faster than that of GS and Backward GS; while GS and Backward GS are faster than Jacobi;</p><p>• If matrix A is symmetric<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the convergence speeds of SOR, Backward SOR and SSOR are the same; otherwise<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, SSOR is faster than Backward SOR and SOR;</p><p>• The convergence speeds of SOR and Backward SOR are the same, also for GS and Backward GS;</p><p>• From <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>, the iteration steps and the time for all fixed point methods of the case in which <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are less than the case in which<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and also the case in which <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are less than the case in which<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>• The upwind difference method is more suitable to be applied to convection dominant problem than the cen-</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> Comparison of convergence speed using fixed point methods when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x61.png"/></fig><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title> Comparison of convergence speed using fixed point methods when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x63.png"/></fig><fig id="fig3"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref></label><caption><title> Comparison of convergence speed using fixed point methods when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x65.png"/></fig><fig id="fig4"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref></label><caption><title> PCG with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x67.png"/></fig><fig id="fig5"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref></label><caption><title> BICG with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x69.png"/></fig><fig id="fig6"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref></label><caption><title> BICGSTAB with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x71.png"/></fig><fig id="fig7"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref></label><caption><title> CGS with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x73.png"/></fig><fig id="fig8"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref></label><caption><title> GMRES with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x75.png"/></fig><fig id="fig9"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">Figure 9</xref></label><caption><title> QMR with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x77.png"/></fig><fig id="fig10"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>0</label><caption><title> PCG with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x79.png"/></fig><fig id="fig11"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>1</label><caption><title> BICG with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x81.png"/></fig><fig id="fig12"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>2</label><caption><title> BICGSTAB with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x83.png"/></fig><fig id="fig13"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>3</label><caption><title> CGS with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x85.png"/></fig><fig id="fig14"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>4</label><caption><title> GMRES with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x87.png"/></fig><fig id="fig15"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>5</label><caption><title> QMR with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x89.png"/></fig><fig id="fig16"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>6</label><caption><title> PCG with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x91.png"/></fig><fig id="fig17"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>7</label><caption><title> Bicg with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x93.png"/></fig><fig id="fig18"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>8</label><caption><title> BICGSTAB with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x95.png"/></fig><fig id="fig19"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>9</label><caption><title> CGS with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x97.png"/></fig><fig id="fig20"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>0</label><caption><title> GMRES with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x99.png"/></fig><fig id="fig21"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>1</label><caption><title> QMR with different preconditionings when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x101.png"/></fig><table-wrap-group id="1"><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Computational details of different projection methods with different preconditioning</title></caption><table-wrap id="1_1"><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Gamma</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Function</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Preconditioning</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >flag</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >No. of iterations</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Relres</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Delta (tol)</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="18"  >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >PCG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.31E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.55E−06</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.38E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.05E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >BICG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.31E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.38E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.05E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >BICGSTAB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >40.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.42E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >15.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.36E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.54E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >CGS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.20E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >8.27E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.18E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >GMRES</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.32E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.01E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.21E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >QMR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.05E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.12E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.37E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="18"  >16</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >PCG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.483607757</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.14E−05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.312145391</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.38563672</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >bicg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.33E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.11E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.37E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >BICGSTAB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >56.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.03E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.30E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.98E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >CGS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >61</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.61E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.01E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.29E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >GMRES</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.70E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >22</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.08E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.10E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >QMR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.43E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.64E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.57E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="1_2"><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="18"  >64</th><th align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >PCG</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >1</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >1</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >0.710978037</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4.13E−05</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.547110057</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.660611555</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >BICG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.15E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.21E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.47E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >BICGSTAB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >59.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.12E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.27E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >27.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.60E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >CGS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >87</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.000123357</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.36E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.14E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >GMRES</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.66E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.50E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.11E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="3"  >QMR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >69</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.56E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >luinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.25E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >cholinc</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.31E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></table-wrap-group><table-wrap id="table2" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref></label><caption><title> Computational details of different fixed point methods</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" ></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >The fixed point method</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >No. of iterations</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Gamma = 0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2246</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Gauss-Seidel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1124</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >SOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >370</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Backward Gauss-Seidel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1124</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Backward SOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >370</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >SSOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >370</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Gamma = 16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >459</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Gauss-Seidel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >231</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >SOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >68</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Backward Gauss-Seidel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >231</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Backward SOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >68</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >SSOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >42</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Gamma = 64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Jacobi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >191</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Gauss-Seidel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >97</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >SOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >54</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Backward Gauss-Seidel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >97</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Backward SOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >54</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >SSOR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >20</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>tral difference method;</p><p>• The convergence speed of the six projection methods including PCG, BICG, BICGSTAB, CGS, GMRES and QMR under luinc preconditioning are faster than under cholinc preconditioning, while under cholinc preconditioning are faster than Jacobi preconditioning;</p><p>• The six projection methods under Jacobi, luinc and cholinc are convergent when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, however, for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the PCG method are not convergent and also the CGS method under Jacobi preconditioning are not convergent when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100419x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>I thank the editor and the referee for their comments. I would like to express deep gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Mark A. Peletier whose guidance and support were crucial for the successful completion of this paper. This work was completed with the financial support of Foundation of Guangdong Educational Committee (2014KQNCX161, 2014KQNCX162).</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.56998-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Saad, Y. (2003) Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. Siam, Bangkok.  
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