<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Applied Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2152-7385</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/am.2015.66088</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AM-56860</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Numerical Approximation of Quantum-Integrals Using the Appropriate Nodes and Weights
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>.</surname><given-names>M. Hashemiparast</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>D.</surname><given-names>A. Ghondaghsaz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>M.</surname><given-names>Maghasedi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, College of Basic Sciences, Karaj branch Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Mathematics, KNT University of Technology, Tehran, Iran</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>hashemiparast@kntu.ac.ir(.MH)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>06</issue><fpage>958</fpage><lpage>966</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day>	<month>April</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>30</month>	<year>May</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day>	<month>June</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  In this paper, we present a procedure for the numerical q-calculation of the q-integrals based on appropriate nodes and weights which are determined such that the error of q-integration is mini-mized; a system of linear and nonlinear set of equations respectively are prepared to obtain the nodes and weights simultaneously; the error of q-integration is considered to be minimized under this condition; finally some application and numerical examples are given for comparison with the exact solution. At the end, the related tables of approximations are presented.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>q-Calculation</kwd><kwd> Numerical Approximation</kwd><kwd> q-Integration</kwd><kwd> q-Derivative</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Recently, much attention has been paid on q-calculus, especially on q-fractional calculus which finally most of them have changed to q-integral not easy and even possible to be solved analytically [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref1">1</xref>] . Although some series expansions have been developed for quantum integrals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref2">2</xref>] and quantum differential equations and quantum difference equations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref3">3</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref6">6</xref>] or q-fractional calculus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref7">7</xref>] , but because of small fractional power in the series expansion, one will expect a high degree of error in the truncated series [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref7">7</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref9">9</xref>] . The nominal numerical methods for approximating integrals do not seem to be appropriate for q-integrals. We could find less works for developing numerical procedures for accurate numerical solutions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref9">9</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref14">14</xref>] . In this paper, we present a procedure for the numerical q-calculation of the q-integrals based on appropriate nodes and weights which are determined such that the error of q-integration is minimized. This study is organized such that in Section 2 we introduce the basic definitions and theorems related to the q-integrals; in Section 3, the main algorithm for the numerical approximation based on appropriate nodes and weights is introduced and the system of linear equations for the nodes and also nonlinear equations for the weights are established; in Section 4, numerical examples for illustration of the procedure are shown; finally, the related tables and graphs and conclusion are given.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Basic Definitions and Theorems</title><p>In this section we define the basic definitions and theorems related to the quantum integration</p><p>Jackson’s definition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref15">15</xref>] for the q-integral is:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula171"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x5.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula172"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For the continuous function f in the interval [0, z] we have [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref8">8</xref>] :</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula173"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula174"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The generalized q-integral for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined as:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula175"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Similarly</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula176"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For the integer number n, the quantum integer is defined as a [n]<sub>q</sub> (bracket n) such that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula177"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref16">16</xref>] , for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> q-derivative operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined as:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula178"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the generalized q-derivative for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined as:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula179"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Similarly<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Analytical calculation of q-integrals similar to the ordinary integrals leads to extending these integrals as a series expansion, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref10">10</xref>] applies q-taylor expansion, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref17">17</xref>] introduces q-integrals inequalities and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref16">16</xref>] takes advantage of hypergeometricpolynomials to express the q-integralas a series expansion, the inequalities in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref17">17</xref>] help to find limit for q integrals, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref12">12</xref>] generalizes the procedures of integral to some kind of q-integrals, and finally we generalize the procedure similar in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref18">18</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Numerical Approximation of q-Integral</title><p>For a given value of q the following approximation can be established</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula180"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>s and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>s are the nodes and weights respectively and must be determined. Similar to the definition of precision degree for integral, we have for the q-integral</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula181"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>By calculating the limits in either side we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula182"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Similar to the algorithm used in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref5">5</xref>] we have the following theorem:</p><p>Theorem: The q-normal equations for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, gives the following system of equations</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula183"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Proof: Without losing the generality, for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, [a,b] = [0,1] from (12) we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula184"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula185"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula186"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x34.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Hence, we have the following system of equations</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula187"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This can be summarized as the following matrix form such that for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula188"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x37.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula189"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x38.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>is a Toeplitz matrix [10,11], whose entries are quantum numbers so, we call it quantum Toeplitz matrix, an especial form of n-diameter quantum matrix and keeps the non-singularity or singularity properties of the original matrix, because all elements of matrix have been changed simultaneously, positive Toplitz matrices, quantum matrices and Inversion of Toeplitz matrices are considered in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref23">23</xref>] , so for having a unique solution, the same conditions for the original system of equations (q = 1) must be satisfied (12) for the different values of q, the elements of vector C and the nodes satisfy in the following characteristics equation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56860-ref13">13</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula190"><label>(24)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x39.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, the roots of above characteristics equations are the appropriate nodes, satisfying in the system of simultaneous equations, then having these nodes the weighs μ<sub>i</sub> can be evaluated, and by applying these values in (12) the system of Equation (13) will be obtained to evaluate the approximate values of the quantum integral, obviously the unknown in the system of equations depend upon the quantum parameter<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>In Section 3 we illustrate the algorithm for the numerical approximation of q-integral and some examples to illuminate the exactness of the method.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Algorithm for the Numerical Solution</title><p>We start the algorithm by the small values of n and similar method can be extended to any value of n, let n = 2, then for the evaluated values of x<sub>i</sub><sub> </sub>s and μ<sub>i</sub></p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula191"><label>(25)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>characteristic equation is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula192"><label>(26)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The system of equations is:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula193"><label>(27)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x43.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula194"><label>(28)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x44.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula195"><label>(29)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x45.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>different approximation can be expected for the different values of q, which for some values of q, 0 &lt; q &lt; 1, q-integral may have minimum error, if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then matrix entry<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>; i = 1, 2, …and if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, for the other values of say q = 0.1 we have:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula196"><label>(30)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x50.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This gives</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula197"><label>(31)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x51.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then the characteristic equation is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula198"><label>(32)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x52.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Gives the following roots</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula199"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x53.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>By solving the linear system we obtain μ<sub>1</sub>, μ<sub>2</sub></p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula200"><label>(33)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x54.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula201"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x55.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And the numerical q-integration formula for q = 0.1 can be evaluated from</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula202"><label>(34)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x56.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula203"><label>(35)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x57.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Let n = 3, then for the evaluated values of x<sub>i</sub>s and, x<sub>i</sub>s</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula204"><label>(36)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x58.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Characteristics equations is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula205"><label>(37)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x59.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For n = 3, the system of equations is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula206"><label>(38)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x60.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula207"><label>(39)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x61.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Similarly, for q = 0.1 numerical q-integration is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula208"><label>(40)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x62.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This gives</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula209"><label>(41)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x63.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And a characteristics equation is:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula210"><label>(42)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x64.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>With the roots as follows</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula211"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x65.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, for calculating <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the linear system should be solved</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula212"><label>(43)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x67.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And we will have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula213"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x68.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Finally the numerical q-integration for q = 0.1 takes the following form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula214"><label>(44)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x69.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Tables 1-3 give the q-integral approximation for n = 2, 3, 4 respectively and some values of q.</p><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Give q-integral approximation for n = 2 and different values of q</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></th><th align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table2" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref></label><caption><title> Give the q-integral approximation for n = 3 and different values of q</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></th><th align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table3" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref></label><caption><title> Give the q-integral approximation for n = 4 and different values of q</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >q</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x97.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >q = 0.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap-group id="4"><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref></label><caption><title> Give the q-integral approximation for n = 2 and almost extreme value of q = 0.99999 for three different integrants in a specified interval</title></caption><table-wrap id="4_1"><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >q</th><th align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.99999</td><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="4_2"><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Integral</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Value of integral for q = 1 (ordinary integral)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >q-integral approximation</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Error</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.946083</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.918540689</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.1491512305</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.2055660182</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.69314718</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.486661583</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.20</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></table-wrap-group></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Error Analysis and Application of q-Integral for Integral Approximation</title><p>The numerical values show for all values of n the error of q-integrations fluctuate for different values of q, it seems q = 0.70 gives the worse error almost for all values of n, the errors decreases as q approaches to the extreme values 0 and 1. Using this result and (3) the q-integral can be calculated for very large value of q approaching to 1 which will approximate the ordinary integrals whose q-integrals is easier than ordinary integrals by using q-integral approximation for n = 2 and different values of q, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref> and following the examples, where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.56860-formula215"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402721x107.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s6"><title>6. Conclusion</title><p>In this paper, a new algorithm for the numerical approximation of q-integration based on q-calculation of appropriate nodes and weights is introduced. The evaluation of nodes and weight is based on q-integral error minimization, as expected in the numerical examples which give a good approximation in comparison with exact solutions for the given values of q and fixed n. As the q-fractional integration can be transferred to q-integrals, the procedure is also applicable for q-fractional integration, and also improper integrals for the large values of q.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.56860-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rajkovic, P.M., Marinkovic, S.D. and Stankovic, M.S. (2007) Fractional Integrals and Derivatives in q-Calculus. 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