1. Introduction

Agricultural Sciences

2156-8553

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/as.2015.65050

AS-56725

Articles

Biomedical&Life Sciences Earth&Environmental Sciences

Effect of Gamma Irradiation Doses on Morphological and Biochemical Attributes of Grape Saplings

F. M. Saiful Islam

¹^*M.

Muzahedul Islam

¹Md.

Mehedi Hasan

¹Md.

Mehedi Hasan

Department of Crop Botany & Tea Production Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh

* E-mail:afmsislam@gmail.com(.FMSI);

22052015

060550551226 March 2015accepted 21 May 27 May 2015

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The demand of grape in Bangladesh is fulfilled through import from foreign countries. The fruits of local cultivars of grapes are sour and seeded. Development of seedless grape varieties having increased sweetness, higher yield with better nutritional quality is necessary to reduce the import dependency. The present research activities are the part of a grape improvement project. A pot experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, during June to November 2011 to determine the suitable gamma irradiation doses on growth, leaf area and biochemical characters of grape saplings. Three vegetative bud stages viz. bud initiation stage, 4-leaf stage and 8-leaf stage, and four doses of gamma irradiation viz. 0, 5, 10, and 15 Gy were used as treatments. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Different irradiation doses and vegetative bud stages showed significant variations in respect of plant growth characters, leaf area, soluble protein and total sugar content. Interaction effects also had significant variations on most of the parameters studied. Higher doses of gamma irradiation had showed detrimental effect on grape saplings. Generally, increased in irradiation doses showed decreased and detrimental effects on most of the parameters under study. Maximum numbers and length of roots, total dry matter, leaf area and chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b content were found at 5 Gy irradiation dose. Total soluble protein and sugar content of leaf were found maximum at no irradiation and 15 Gy, respectively. Higher number of roots and length, total dry matter, leaf area, chlorophyll-a, and b and soluble protein content of leaf were observed at bud initiation stage while 8-leaf stage showed maximum total sugar of leaf. In the combined effect of gamma irradiation and vegetative bud stages, all parameters showed best results in 5 Gy with bud initiation stage except total sugar content of leaf.

Grape Sapling Gamma Irradiation Morphological and Biochemical Parameters Leaf Area Soluble Protein

1. Introduction

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) belongs to the family Vitaceae distributed widely all over the world [1] and originated in West Asia [2] . Grape occupies the first position among the fruits in the world in terms of area and production [3] . The world area occupied by grape is 7.63 million hectares producing 64.29 million tons per annum [4] . But in Bangladesh, the requirement of grape was fulfilled through the import from other countries using hard earned foreign currencies as the demand is increasing with the increase in population. Though the grape plants can grow well in Bangladesh environmental conditions, the quality of fruits was not good at all. The cultivation of grape in Bangladesh is a new approach. Recent studies showed that grape could be successfully grown if good variety is chosen and cultural practices are followed [5] . In Bangladesh, it was seen that grape vine variety “Jakkao” produces fruit twice a year and each vine produces minimum average 4 kg edible fruit a year. Grape is one of the exotic and expensive fruits of Bangladesh and its consumption is mainly limited to a section of people. The minimum per capita dietary requirement of fruits day⁻¹ is about 100 g, whereas fruit availability in Bangladesh is only 30 - 50 g [6] . There exists a great shortage of fruit production to fulfill the requirement of the country. In such a situation the production of grapes in the country will help to minimize the fruit shortage as well as to reduce the wastage of foreign currency required to import this highly demanded fruit. The demand of fruits can be met in a shorter time by increasing the yield and quality. Recently, Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) introduced a genotype named as “Jakkao” which is successfully grown under the soil and climatic condition of Bangladesh with profuse flowering and fruiting. But berries in all cases are found seeded and not sweet as imported ones. Bangladeshi grape is sour and tasteless due to heavy rainfall in summer season [7] . Sweetness of grape berries depend on various factors such as grape variety [8] , maturation degree, cultural practices [9] [10] and environmental factors such as soil [11] and climate [12] . So, using different types of techniques such as nuclear techniques, fertilizer management, hormonal treatment and even conventional breeding methods can improve desirable target for its good quality and yield as well as other expected features in our environmental conditions. Therefore, attempt has been taken to improve grape cultivars for higher yield with better physiological characters and quality. In the present study different doses of gamma irradiation were applied to grape saplings at different growth stages of saplings to determine the suitable gamma irradiation doses on the growth characteristics and better leaf area and biochemical features of grape vines.

2. Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted out at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, (24'75N latitude and 90'50E longitude). The average air temperature was recorded 27˚C and the soil temperature at a average depth of 10 cm was about 28˚C. The average relative humidity was about 84 percent. The soil belongs to the Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain (AEZ-9) under Sonatola Series with soil pH 5.1 to 5.6 [13] . Grape variety “Jakkao” was used as experimental crop in the study. There were total 12 treatments includes in the experiments, comprising 3 growth stages of plant materials and 4 doses of gamma irradiation. Growth stages of buds were S₁ = Bud initiation stage (No leaf), S₂ = 4-leaf stage and S₃ = 8-leaf stage. Gamma irradiation doses were G₀ = No irradiation (control), G₁ = 5 Gy, G₂ = 10 Gy and G₃ = 15 Gy. Each treatment replicated four times. Combination of the treatments were (a) S₁G₀, (b) S₁G₁,(c) S₁G₂, (d) S₁G₃, (e) S₂G₀, (f) S₂G₁, (g) S₂G₂, (h) S₂G₃,(i) S₃G₀, (j) S₃G₁, (k) S₃G₂, and (l) S₃G₃. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Initially the saplings were multiplied by stem cutting in June 2011. Healthy, disease free lateral shoots approximately 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter of the branches was selected for stem cutting in the month of June. The cutting plants were replaced in polybag and kept under shade for establishment of plants. Three stages such as bud initiation stage, 4-leaf stage and 8-leaf stage before applying gamma irradiation were prepared by detopping the branches several times. For air layering, healthy disease free lateral shoots of approximately 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter of the branches were selected. In the month of June, air layering was done by removing 3 - 4 cm long bark cylindrically and then scraping was done for exposing wood to remove the cambium layer with the help of a sharp knife. Then the barkless and cambiumless exposed wood was covered with moisture rooting media which was prepared with 50% well decomposed cowdung and 50% soil. The rooting medium ball was covered completely with a piece of transparent polythene sheet. The wrapping material was then tied up thoroughly at both the ends with rope. The layers were separated from the mother plant when the rooting medium was fulfilled with newly developed roots. It was observed through the upper surface of the polythene sheet. After detachment of the layers from the mother plant they were replaced in polybags and kept under shade for established of plants. Three stages such as bud initiation stage, 4-leaf stage and 8-leaf stage before applying gamma irradiation were prepared by detopping the branches several times. The nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilizers were applied in the experimental pots following recommended doses viz. Cowdung 10 t, Urea 550 kg, TSP 450 kg and MP 250 kg∙ha⁻¹. After irradiation by gamma radiation source, plants were planted in each pot. Weeds were uprooted by hand pulling when appeared. Irrigation was given as and when needed. With the advancement of growth, support was provided to the plants by bamboo sticks. Necessary data were recorded on the morphological, growth, and biochemical parameters. Total leaf area of the plant was measured with leaf area meter (Automatic electronic leaf area meter, model LI-3000, USA). Chlorophyll content of leaf was estimated following the standard procedure [14] . The statistical analysis of variance was done using computer package program MSTAT-C [15] . The mean difference of the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters among the treatments was adjusted by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test [16] .

3. Results and Discussion3.1. Growth Characteristics3.1.1. Number of Roots Plant−1

A marked variation was observed in the number of roots plant⁻¹ due to the influence of different levels of gamma irradiation (Table 1(a)). The highest number of roots plant⁻¹ (17.2) was found in (G₁) 5 Gy which varied significantly from other doses. The lowest number of roots plant⁻¹ (12.0) was found in (G₃) 15 Gy. Researchers [17] reported that the number of roots plant⁻¹ increased with low dose (5 Gy) of irradiation in grape. The number of roots plant⁻¹ showed highly significant variation in respect of different vegetative bud stages (Table 1(b)). The highest number of roots plant⁻¹ (16.6) was found in (S₁) bud initiation stage which varied significantly from other stages while the lowest number of roots plant⁻¹ (12.5) was found in (S₃) 8-leaf stage. The interaction effect of different vegetative bud stages and different gamma irradiation doses in respect of number of roots plant⁻¹ was found significantly different (Table 1(c)). The maximum number of roots plant⁻¹ (19.0) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ and the minimum number of roots plant⁻¹ (9.3) was found in G₃S₃ (Table 1(c)).

3.1.2. Root Length Plant−1

A significant variation in length of root plant⁻¹ was observed due to the influence of different gamma irradiation doses (Table 1(a)). The maximum root length per plant⁻¹ (15.1 cm) was observed in G₁ and the minimum (12.3 cm) was found in G₃. Root length increased with low doses (5 Gy) of irradiation which was supported by others [17] .

The root length was highly significant in respect of vegetative bud stages (Table 1(b)). The maximum root length plant⁻¹ (15.4 cm) was observed in S₁ and the minimum (12.3 cm) was found in S₃. The maximum root length (16 cm) was found in G₁S₁ followed by G₂S₁ and minimum (10.3 cm) was found in G₃S₃ (Table 1(c)).

3.1.3. Total Dry Matter Plant−1

A highly significant variation in total dry matter plant⁻¹ was found in respect of different gamma irradiation doses (Table 1(a)). The maximum total dry matter plant⁻¹ (5.2 g) was produced by G₁ due to greater dry matter production in shoot and root and minimum dry matter (4.3 g) was produced in G₃. The amount of total dry matter plant⁻¹ increased at low doses (5 Gy) of irradiation which was supported by other researchers [17] . A marked variation in total dry matter plant⁻¹ was found in respect of vegetative bud stages (Table 1(b)). Maximum amount of total dry matter plant⁻¹ (5.3 g) was observed in S₁ due to higher dry matter production in shoot and root and the minimum total dry matter plant⁻¹ (4.4 g) was produced in S₃. In the interaction effects, the maximum total dry matter plant⁻¹ (5.6 g) was found in G₁S₁ followed by G₂S₁, G₀S₁, G₃S₁ and minimum (3.8 g) was found in G₃S₃.

3.1.4. Leaf Area Plant−1

A highly significant variation in leaf area plant⁻¹ was observed due to the influence of different gamma irradia-

Table 1 (a) Effect of gamma irradiation on different growth parameters of grape saplings. (b) Effect of different vegetative bud stages on different growth parameters of grape saplings. (c) Interaction effect between gamma irradiation and different vegetative bud stages on different growth parameters of grape saplings

. Same letter(s)

Gamma irradiation	No. of roots plant⁻¹	Root length plant⁻¹ (cm)	Dry weight of shoot plant⁻¹ (g)	Dry weight of root plant⁻¹ (g)	Total dry matter plant⁻¹ (g)
G₀ G₁ G₂ G₃	13.0c 17.2a 15.8b 12.0d	13.7c 15.1a 14.4b 12.3d	4.4b 4.6a 4.5ab 3.8c	0.46d 0.58a 0.55b 0.47c	4.8b 5.2a 5.0ab 4.3c

in a column do not differ significantly at 5% level according to DMRT. (b)

Stage of vegetative bud	No. of roots plant⁻¹	Root length plant⁻¹ (cm)	Dry weight of shoot plant⁻¹ (g)	Dry weight of roots plant⁻¹ (g)	Total dry matter plant⁻¹ (g)
S₁ S₂ S₃	15.6a 14.4b 12.5c	15.4a 13.9b 12.3c	4.7a 4.2b 4.0c	0.60a 0.50b 0.45c	5.3a 4.7b 4.4c

.Same letter(s)

Gamma irradiation × stage of vegetative bud	No. of roots plant⁻¹	Root length plant⁻¹ (cm)	Dry weight of shoot plant⁻¹ (g)	Dry weight of roots plant⁻¹ (g)	Total dry matter plant⁻¹ (g)
G₀S₁ G₀S₂ G₀S₃	14.7d 12.0f 12.3ef	15.3a 13.7b 12.2bc	4.7a 4.3ab 4.1ab	0.48bc 0.55ab 0.46ba	5.2a 4.8ab 4.5ab
G₁S₁ G₁S₂ G₁S₃	19.0a 17.7b 15.0cd	16.5a 15.0ab 13.7b	4.9a 4.6a 4.3ab	0.67a 0.55ab 0.51b	5.6a 5.1a 4.8ab
G₂S₁ G₂S₂ G₂S₃	18.0ab 16.0c 13.3e	16.0a 14.0b 13.2bc	4.8a 4.5a 4.2ab	0.63a 0.52b 0.51b	5.4a 5.0a 4.7ab
G₃S₁ G₃S₂ G₃S₃	14.7d 12.0f 9.3g	13.7b 13.0bc 10.3c	4.6a 3.4b 3.3b	0.47bc 0.40c 0.41c	5.1a 3.9b 3.8b

tion doses at different days after irradiation (DAI) (Table 2(a)). At 30 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (151.1 cm²) was observed in G₁ and the minimum leaf area (100.2 cm²) was observed in G₃. At 45 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (172.7 cm²) was observed in G₁ and the minimum (107.7 cm²) was observed in G₃. At 60 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (186.7 cm²) was observed in G₁ and the minimum (119.9 cm²) was observed in G₃. At 75 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (202.1 cm²) was observed in G₁ and the minimum (127.3 cm²) was observed in G₃. At 90 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (214.4 cm²) was observed in G₁ and the minimum plant⁻¹ (130.6 cm²) was observed in G₃. At 105 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (221.7 cm²) was observed in G₁ and the minimum plant⁻¹ (138.8 cm²) was observed in G₃ (Table 2(a)). The leaf area plant⁻¹ increased in low doses of irradiation. The similar results were also obtained by others [17] . A highly significant variation was found in leaf area plant⁻¹ at different DAIs due to different vegetative stages (Table 2(b)). The maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ was observed in S₁ and the minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ was observed in S₃. At 30 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (137.0 cm²) was observed in S₁ while the minimum plant⁻¹ (118.7 cm²) was observed in S₃. At 45 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (150.3 cm²) was observed in S₁ while the minimum plant⁻¹ (136.4 cm²) was observed in S₃. At 60 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (162.8 cm²) was observed in S₁ while the minimum plant⁻¹ (147.7 cm²) was observed in S₃. At 75 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (175.4

Table 2 (a) Effect of gamma irradiation on leaf area plant−1 of grape saplings. (b). Effect of different vegetative bud stages on leaf area plant−1 of grape saplings. (c) Interactive effect between gamma irradiation and different vegetative bud stages on leaf area plant−1 of grape saplings

.Same letter(s)

Gamma irradiation	Leaf area (cm²)
Gamma irradiation	30 DAI	45 DAI	60 DAI	75 DAI	90 DAI	105 DAI
G₀ G₁ G₂ G₃	121.9c 151.1a 139.1b 100.2d	140.0c 172.7a 153.0b 107.7d	149.3c 186.7a 166.6b 119.9d	161.1c 202.1a 178.4b 127.3d	165.9c 214.4a 185.3b 130.6d	170.2c 221.7a 195.8b 138.8d

in a column do not differ significantly at 5% level according to DMRT. (b)

Stages of vegetative bud	Leaf area (cm²)
Stages of vegetative bud	30 DAI	45 DAI	60 DAI	75 DAI	90 DAI	105 DAI
S₁ S₂ S₃	137.0a 128.6b 118.7c	150.3a 143.4b 136.4c	162.8a 156.4b 147.7c	175.4a 167.9b 158.4c	183.5a 172.7b 165.9c	193.4a 180.2b 171.3c

.Same letter(s)

Gamma irradiation × stage of vegetative bud	Leaf area (cm²)
Gamma irradiation × stage of vegetative bud	30 DAI	45 DAI	60 DAI	75 DAI	90 DAI	105 DAI
G₀S₁ G₀S₂ G₀S₃	130.4e 125.3e 110.2f	145.3f 141.3g 133.4h	155.4ef 151.4f 141.2g	166.4ef 161.8f 155.2g	172.8ef 165.7fg 159.3g	180.7e 167.7f 162.2f
G₁S₁ G₁S₂ G₁S₃	165.8a 148.2b 139.2d	180.2a 172.2b 165.7c	195.3a 186.2b 178.7c	212.7a 202.9b 190.8c	225.5a 212.8b 205.1bc	232.2a 220.1b 212.3bc
G₂S₁ G₂S₂ G₂S₃	146.3bc 140.8cd 130.4e	160.4d 152.4e 146.3f	174.8c 166.4d 158.7e	188.7e 179.4d 167.3e	198.4c 182.3d 175.2de	210.4c 196.7d 180.3e
G₃S₁ G₃S₂ G₃S₃	105.4fg 100.2gh 95.18a	105.3i 107.8j 100.2k	125.8h 121.7h 112.2i	133.9h 127.7i 120.3j	137.4h 130.2hi 124.3i	149.8g 136.3h 130.3h

cm²) was observed in S₁ while the minimum plant⁻¹ (158.4 cm²) was observed in S₃. At 90 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (183.5 cm²) was observed in S₁ while the minimum plant⁻¹ (165.9 cm²) was observed in S₃. At 105 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (193.4 cm²) was observed in S₁ while the minimum plant⁻¹ (171.3 cm²) was observed in S₃ (Table 2(b)).

A highly significant variation was found in leaf area plant⁻¹ at different DAIs due to interaction effect of different gamma irradiation doses and different vegetative bud stages (Table 2(c)). At 30 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (165.8 cm²) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ which was statistically different from others. The minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ (95.2 cm²) was found in G₃S₃ followed by G₃S₂. At 45 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (180.2 cm²) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ which was statistically different from others. The minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ (100.2 cm²) was found in G₃S₃. At 60 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (195.3 cm²) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ which was statistically different from others. The minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ (112.2 cm²) was found in G₃S₃. At 75 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (212.7 cm²) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ which was statistically different from others. The minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ (120.2 cm²) was found in G₃S₃. At 90 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (225.4

cm²) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ which was statistically different from others. The minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ (124.3 cm²) was found in G₃S₃ followed by G₃S₂. At 105 DAI, the maximum leaf area plant⁻¹ (232.8 cm²) was found in the treatment combination of G₁S₁ which was statistically different from others. The minimum leaf area plant⁻¹ (130.3 cm²) was found in G₃S₃ followed by G₃S₂ (Table 2(c)).

3.2. Biochemical Characteristics3.2.1. Chlorophyll Content in Leaves

There was no variation in chlorophyll content found due to different gamma irradiation doses (Table 3(a)). The effect of different vegetative bud stages was found significant in respect of chlorophyll content of leaf in grape saplings (Table 3(b)). The maximum amount of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll were 0.67, 0.24, & 0.91 mg∙g⁻¹, respectively found in S₁ followed by S₂. The minimum amount of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll were 0.63, 0.22, & 0.85 mg∙g⁻¹, respectively found in S₃ (Table 3(b)). The interaction effect of different gamma irradiation doses and different vegetative bud stages showed no variation in respect of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll content (Table 3(c)). Increase in irradiation doses decreased the amount of chlorophyll content also agreed by others [18] .

Table 3 (a) Effect of gamma irradiation on the biochemical characters of grape saplings. (b) Effect of different vegetative bud stages on the biochemical characters of grape saplings. (c) Interaction effect between gamma irradiation and different vegetative bud stages on the bio-chemical characters of grape saplings

.Same letter(s)

Gamma irradiation	Chlorophyll of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)			Soluble protein of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)	Total sugar of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)
Gamma irradiation	a	b	Total (a + b)	Soluble protein of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)	Total sugar of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)
G₀ G₁ G₂ G₃	0.64a 0.66a 0.65a 0.63a	0.23a 0.24a 0.23a 0.23a	0.87a 0.90a 0.88a 0.86a	1.64a 1.62a 1.63a 1.60a	41.7b 34.7c 42.3b 45.4a

in a column do not differ significantly at 5% level according to DMRT. (b)

Stage of vegetative bud	Chlorophyll of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)			Soluble protein of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)	Total sugar of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)
Stage of vegetative bud	a	b	Total (a + b)	Soluble protein of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)	Total sugar of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)
S₁ S₂ S₃	0.67a 0.64ab 0.63b	0.24a 0.24a 0.22b	0.91a 0.88a 0.85b	1.64a 1.60b 1.63ab	39.8b 36.6c 46.8a

. Same letter(s)

Gamma irradiation × stage of vegetative bud	Chlorophyll of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)			Soluble protein of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)	Total sugar of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)
Gamma irradiation × stage of vegetative bud	a	b	Total (a + b)	Soluble protein of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)	Total sugar of leaf (mg∙g⁻¹)
G₀S₁ G₀S₂ G₀S₃	0.66ab 0.65b 0.62b	0.24a 0.24a 0.23a	0.90a 0.89abc 0.85bc	1.64ab 1.62bc 1.64ab	44.7b 30.1f 45.7b
G₁S₁ G₁S₂ G₁S₃	0.68a 0.65ab 0.64ab	0.24a 0.24a 0.23a	0.92a 0.89abc 0.87abc	1.65a 1.55c 1.65a	32.2f 30.3f 41.6cd
G₂S₁ G₂S₂ G₂S₃	0.66ab 0.65ab 0.63ab	0.24a 0.24a 0.23a	0.90ab 0.89ab 0.87abc	1.65a 1.64ab 1.61bc	38.2e 39.2de 46.6b
G₃S₁ G₃S₂ G₃S₃	0.68a 0.61ab 0.61ab	0.24a 0.24a 0.23a	0.92abc 0.85bc 0.84c	1.61bc 1.60bc 1.60bc	43.9bc 49.5a 50.2a

3.2.2. Soluble Protein Content in Grape Leaves

Soluble protein of leaf was recorded at 105 DAI. A highly significant variation on soluble protein content was found in respect of different gamma irradiation doses (Table 3(a)). Gradual increase in gamma irradiation dose decreased the amount of soluble protein in leaf. The maximum amount of soluble protein of leaf (1.64 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in G₀ followed by G₁ and G₂. The minimum amount of soluble protein (1.60 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in G₃. There were significant variations on soluble protein of leaf in respect of different vegetative stages (Table 3(b)). The maximum amount of soluble protein of leaf (1.64 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in S₁ followed by S₃. The minimum amount of soluble protein of leaf (1.60 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in S₂ (Table 3(b)). The interaction effect of gamma irradiation doses and different vegetative buds showed no variation in the amount of soluble protein content (Table 3(c)).

3.2.3. Total Sugar Content in Grape Leaves

A highly significant variation of total sugar of leaf was found in respect of gamma irradiation (Table 3(a)). With the gradual increase in gamma irradiation doses the total sugar of leaf increased. The maximum amount of total sugar of leaf (45.4 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in G₃ and minimum total sugar (34.7 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in G₁. The amount of total sugar varied significantly among the different vegetative bud stages (Table 3(b)). The maximum amount of total sugar of leaf (46.8 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in S₃ and minimum total sugar (36.6 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in S₂ (Table 3(b)). The interaction effect of different gamma irradiation doses and different vegetative bud stages differed significantly in respect of total sugar of leaf (Table 3(c)). The maximum amount of total sugar of leaf (50.2 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in G₃S₃ followed by G₃S₂ and minimum total sugar (30.1 mg∙g⁻¹) was found in G₀S₂.

4. Conclusion

It was evident from the results that higher doses had detrimental effect on the plant morphological and biochemical parameters. Among the irradiation doses, 5 Gy showed better morphological parameters in M₁ generation, however, it is difficult to say at this stage which dose and stage will show maximum mutability. In M₂ generation, the expression of mutagenicity will be observed. So, the research works done will push a step forward for further observation and selection of most desirable mutant in M₂ and the following generations.

NOTES

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