The value of time is precious in today’s fast paced community and nobody can afford to waste long hours waiting for a public transport [1] . Due to this time crunch, it will be of convenience to the public if the precise arrival information, real time status, travel duration, etc., are available so that they can choose other alternatives. Presently, one cannot completely rely on the fixed bus timings provided by Bus Companies on their websites as factors such as traffic and in some cases, accidents, delay the arrival of buses. Management of bus schedules at the bus stations thus becomes very difficult and unpredictable. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient tracking system to satisfy the needs of the commuters. RFID evidently is not a new technology; rather its origin dates back to World War II [2] . It is a programmed identification technology that allows for noncontact reading of data, thereby making it attractive for vehicles [3] .

It is usually operated with a tiny battery. The network lifetime is mainly affected by the targeted application and capacity of the battery. Hence, minimizing communications among the nodes is one of the essential requirements in designing a network of wireless sensor nodes [4] . When Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies are coupled to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), new features are provided such as tracking, identification and localization. An RFID tag is incorporated into the object to be tracked or localized using radio signals. Among the various applications that can benefit from RFID-based localization and tracking technologies, vehicle identification and tracking appears to be a promising field [5] [6] .

An RFID tag is attached to a vehicle which is identified as soon as it enters the RFID reader’s range. The data stored in the tag’s memory are captured by the reader and transmitted to a server through a public or private network. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the RIFD Technology; Section 3 discusses the structure of PVLS based on RFID; Section 4 describes system software and data gathering; Section 5 gives the application of PVLS; Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 6.

In an endeavor to improve efficiency and security in transport systems, research is being done on RFID technology in different applications such as smart electronic parking, electronic ticketing, toll collection, virtual route tracking, and digital traffic light control and with some other RFID applications [4] [7] . The following literatures are several designs of such systems researched and implemented.

The location determination methods most commonly used in vehicles are communication mechanisms such as GSM, GPRS, GPS and a satellite. The GSM and GPRS coverage in remote locations is usually poor and the GPS system does not function well in areas which do not have proper line-if-sight to a GPS satellite [8] - [10] . In environments where GPS illumination is poor and weak, other wireless technologies can be implemented. RFID systems can be employed to determine the location of assets or objects in real time. The location data given from GPS devices is from a distance of 10 to 15 meters which is not precise. The PVLS designed using RFID technology in the project gives better results compared to other technologies, such as GSM, GPRS, GPS, etc. [11] - [13] .

A framework with moving vehicles with attached passive tags was proposed by Y. Zhang in 2009 [14] where the tags were located by RFID readers which were installed at the roadsides near the intersections. The idea was to improve the intelligent transport system of the traffic with real time status. The traffic sampling data was used to avoid multiple data collision which was a very challenging issue in his approach. The information of road intersection was preloaded in the RFID reader to determine the location. The road status throughout the city was evaluated by tracking individual vehicle’s information. The system was implemented and tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility and functionality of the proposed framework.

Due to major advancements made to RFID technologies, various types of applications involving vehicles have been deployed, such as automatic toll gate payment, fleet management, safe navigation and intelligent transport systems. Most of these applications integrate a vehicle identification process using an RFID tag. When tracking becomes an application requirement, it is common to use GPS positioning to localize the vehicles. However, depending on the area where the vehicle is located, accuracy may not be adequate due to the high cost of the GPS receiver. A. Araar and H. Khali in 2012 [15] proposed to investigate, at a system level, the incorporation of RFID technology and clustered WSN in order to identify and track vehicles to substitute GPS-based systems. The WSN is designed using smart nodes which incorporate an RFID reader with a wireless communication interface. The author’s analyzed the benefits of using a time-slotted approach and data fusion performed at the node level on the system throughput expressed as the number of vehicle tags read per second. Two metrics, energy delay and throughput, were used to evaluate the proposed fusion schemes. When deployed in desert-like regions, solar panels are recommended to avoid cluster head election. Simulation results showed when it is recommended to use RFID tag fusion and when it is not.

The design of the PVLS consists of a PC (server) and website. The PC contains the database and the system applications. The RFID reader of PVLS is simulated to evaluate that the system works and test its ability to collect and manage the arrival time information of buses from several tags in real-time. The reader is programmed to connect the PVLS with database, and to arrange the information that is received from readers in appropriate format to be used in the application system and website. Wireless communication (Wi-Fi) system is used to connect the PC with the readers.

The first step in the PVLS is to attach RFID reader to a vehicle that will identify the tags on various bus stops. It is suggested that the data being stored in a tag only be its unique tag ID and without any other details of the vehicle, so to keep the privacy of the vehicles. In this form no sensitive information is available, and prevent any unauthorized access to the data.

The proposed system consists of one RFID reader placed in the bus which wirelessly connects to the host PC over Wi-Fi, which has the system’s database installed (SQL Server). The reader reads the tags from various stops and sends the information to the database. The users are located at their various bus stations, waiting for the bus. Figure 1 shows the route of the University bus on which the system was trialed.

The operating system for the reader is Windows CE 5.0. The Reader is programmed in Microsoft Visual C# 2008 using Microsoft. NET Framework 3.5 environment and the database system is designed using Microsoft SQL express 2005.

The hardware components of the PVLS consists of a RFID reader and tags, and a host PC.

In brief, the following components are used for building PVLS system:

・ Four computer devices (one as RFID reader via Personal Computer)

・ Wi-Fi system

・ Microsoft Visual C# 2008 with .NET Compact Framework 3.5

・ Microsoft SQL Express 2005

・ Apache Web Server with PHP extension (system website)

Figure 2 shows the algorithm for the reader software which reads tags and stores the location information the database. Figure 3 depicts the basic algorithm used by the website to present the information in a user friendly way to the users of the system.

The reader used for the above project, shown in Figure 4, is a SAAT-H522, which is a portable active reader, operating at 2.45 GHZ band. It has a very high performance, flexible and powerful reader with broader functions and a combination of various other features. SAAT-H522 is portable and user friendly together which is easy to use. The reader is suitable for person location, asset tracking, traffic vehicle management, etc.

The following are some conditions taken into consideration for whether the RFID technology is useful in the Public Vehicle Location system:

・ The tags may be affected by change of weather

・ There are many disturbances which may affect RF wave communication

・ Vehicle routes are not well defined

・ Equipment is difficult to install at the terminals as chances are it may be stolen

・ Reader may not send data to PC over Wi-Fi properly

・ Reader may read tags which are opposite to each other on the road

Based on the above considerations and the parameters identified to determine success in RFID communica- tion, distance, penetration, speed, the equipment capabilities in meeting project requirements were tested. The project planned was categorized into 2 sets. The first stage was to test how the effectiveness of the RFID communication system is affected by the parameters such as distance, speed and penetration and in the second stage trials were run to test the effectiveness of the system in different conditions to simulate the real operation scenario.

PVLS is composed of two parts which are main program and websites. The main program comprises the Reader, database management and applications. The PC controls the connection and communication of the RFID reader, and database. The PVLS application depends on the data received from RFID readers (Figure 7).

The rapid increase of vehicles on roads encourages the researchers to get new ideas or algorithms to be used in RFID technology in vehicles. RFID is becoming a promising technology for the transportation industry with a potential that is not fully utilized. The research focused on how technologies of identification by RFID can be used to build public transport location in real time by collecting information from the tags which is placed in various Bus Stops. The research also focused on the actual RFID hardware implementation such as the passive tags and the reader that is used to track the University Bus as it moves from one station to the other.

The implemented project of the PVLS structure is designed where every vehicle has a RFID reader in place. The information at various stops, where a tag is read, transmits the location in real-time to the reader which sends the data via Wi-Fi to the server in the personal computer in the vehicle. Then the information from the database is processed by the website and made available to the clients at different stations. The results obtained from the actual studies show that the reader to the clients was realistic and very reliable. The information received

from RFID system at various bus stations gains benefits by providing the arrival time of the bus to the students and passengers waiting for the University Bus. Since the information is provided in the form of a web site, it can be dispensed to the users not only at the bus stops, but also to their personal devices such as smart phones and tablets.