<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJAC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>American Journal of Analytical Chemistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2156-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ajac.2015.66053</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJAC-56440</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Chemistry&amp;Materials Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Investigation of Iron Complex Formation of Anti-Hypertensive Drug: Methyldopa
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>ehmina</surname><given-names>Fiaz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nasreen</surname><given-names>Fatima</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>S.</surname><given-names>Zafar Abbas Zaidi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tanveer</surname><given-names>Abbas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohib</surname><given-names>R. Kazimi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>06</issue><fpage>551</fpage><lpage>558</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day>	<month>April</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>18</month>	<year>May</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day>	<month>May</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  The drug administered for any disease may play an unwanted function in biological system. They may have multiple counter effects, one of which is their interaction to bioactive metals. Iron is most common bio essential metal and is reported to interact with antihypertensive drug methyldopa. In the present study, above said complex is analyzed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Formation constant of the complex is calculated by using mole ratio method and single point statistical method which is in the range of 10
  <sup>10</sup>, values are also calculated which are independent of pH like formation constant. Absorbance maxima were found to be dependent on pH. At lower pH complex shows two broad bands centered at 430 nm and 730 nm. With the rise in pH later peak shifts toward lower wavelength, so 615 nm is selected for further studies. Molar extinction coefficient of the complex is explored by serial dilution method. At all wavelengths it increases with increase in pH. Mole ratio and slope ratio methods are used for exploring stoichiometry. Metal to ligand combining ratio in the complex is 1:2 at pH 4.0 and pH 4.5 while 1:3 at pH 5.0 and pH 5.5.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Iron</kwd><kwd> Methyldopa</kwd><kwd> Stoichiometry</kwd><kwd> Formation Constant</kwd><kwd> UV-Spectrophotometery</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Iron, is one of the most abundant biological metal, existing in two oxidation states. In its lower oxidation state, it is more soluble and more biologically available. Iron supplements are among the most recurrently recommended medicines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref1">1</xref>] . Patients are often treated with several drugs and some time they consume more than one pharmaceuticals. When patients ingest two or more drugs simultaneously, there is a risk of drug-drug interaction [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref2">2</xref>] . As Iron has strong affinity toward Nitrogen and Oxygen donor ligand that is why variety of drugs can form chelates with Iron. Reduction in the absorption of many drugs like, penicillamine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref2">2</xref>] , levodopa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref3">3</xref>] , carbidopa, ciprofloxacin and methyldopa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref3">3</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref7">7</xref>] , is caused due to Iron. The major mechanism by which iron interacts with these drugs is the formation of iron-drug complexes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref8">8</xref>] . Methyldopa (MD) is one of the catecholic molecules which are liable to interact with Iron. It is chemically known as 1-methyl-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, it is a catecholamine widely used anti-hypertensive drug with structure illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>. The MD is a centrally acting alpha<sub>2</sub>-adrenoreceptor agonist, which reduces sympathetic symptoms and results in decrease in blood pressure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref9">9</xref>] .</p><p>Different analytical methods and techniques have been employed for the analysis of catechol derivatives in pharmaceuticals or in biological samples. These procedures include titrimetry, Fluorimetric determination, kinetic studies, amperometry, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemiluminescence and voltammetric analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref10">10</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref24">24</xref>] . These methods are not simple and involve procedures with severe control of the experimental conditionsor otherwise are associated with expensive or delicate instruments. Stoichiometry and other spectral characteristics of Levodopa and other similar complexes have already been reported but still there is lack of data reporting formation constant of said complexes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref25">25</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref28">28</xref>] .</p><p>In the present study using a simple spectrophotometric technique Formation constant of the Methyldopa complex of Iron (II) is explored in the pH range of 4.0 to 5.5. Two different methods of calculation are used and results found are in agreement with each other, Stoichiometry of the complex is also reviewed by using Mole ratio and Slope ratio method.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Experimental</title><sec id="s2_1"><title>2.1. Materials</title><p>Analytical grade reagents were used throughout the study. Fe(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>・6(H<sub>2</sub>O) was obtained from Merck and Methyldopa was obtained from Wild Wind, CO<sub>2</sub> free distilled deionized water was used for the preparation of buffer and complex solutions.</p></sec><sec id="s2_2"><title>2.2. Absorbance Maxima</title><p>Absorbance maxima of the complex, was investigated by treating 0.5 mM of Fe(II) solution with adequate excess of Methyldopa solution prepared in Acetate buffer of desired pH. The pH of the complex was recorded by JENWAY370 pH meter and SCHIMADZU model number UV-160A was used for scanning complexes in visible region. Spectrum of the complex indicated presence of a broad peak centered at 615 nm and another peak at 430 nm, shifting of the peak with rise in pH was also observed that is why wavelength of 615 nm was selected for further study as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s2_3"><title>2.3. Molar Extinction Coefficients and Serial Dilution</title><p>Solutions of different dilutions were prepared in Acetate buffer of desired pH. Absorbance was recorded for all diluted solutions at selected wavelengths i.e. 615 nm. <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> demonstrates a plot of absorbance for different dilutions against metal concentration provided the slope for determining molarextinction coefficient [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref28">28</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2_4"><title>2.4. Mole Ratio</title><p>Accurate amounts of Iron (II) salt was used to prepare stock solution of metal in deionized distilled water. Stock solution of Methyldopa was prepared in acetate buffer of required pH. Different aliquots of ligand solution were</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> Methyldopa structure chemically known as 1-methyl-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-2201168x6.png"/></fig><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title> UV-VIS spectra of Fe(II)-MD complex at variable pH</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-2201168x7.png"/></fig><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Molar absorptivity of Fe(II)-MD complex in diff- erent pH; [Fe(II)] = 0.5 mM; T = 25˚C &#177; 1˚C</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="4"  >Molar absorptivity of Fe (II)-MD complex</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle"  rowspan="2"  >pH</td><td align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="3"  >Wavelength</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >430 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >615 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >730 nm</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1410</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1126</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1066</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2030</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2016</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1740</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2460</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2848</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1770</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2642</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3498</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1912</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>added in 0.5 mM metal solution in order to get various ligand metal ratios ranging from 0.5:1 to 9:1. The final volume was maintained with respective buffers in all cases. The absorbance was recorded at 615 nm and temperature maintained at 25˚C &#177; 1˚C is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref29">29</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2_5"><title>2.5. Slope Ratio</title><p>The slope ratio method was used to find the Stoichiometry of the complex. Two series of solutions were prepared. In first half constant volume of 0.5 mM Fe(II) was treated with variable volumes of 5 mM Methyldopa, where as in the other half of the analysis, MD was kept constant versus variable volumes of Fe(II) solution. Resulting complexes were scanned at selected wavelength of 615 nm and the recorded absorbance was plotted versus concentration of varying specie. Stoichiometry of the complex was interpreted by calculating ratio of slope of two straight lines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref30">30</xref>] . <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref> is a plot of slope ratio at pH 5.5. The same method was used at pH 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0. All experiments were performed in triplicate in order to get consistent results.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Results and Discussion</title><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. Molar Extinction Coefficient</title><p>The results show that Methyldopa-Fe have two distinct peaks at low pH, which appear at 430 and 730 nm. The absorbance increases at these wavelengths with the rise of pH. However, the peak at 730 shifts to lower wavelength, as pH is increased. The molar extinction coefficient values were evaluated by serial dilution of complex (standard curve method). The values found are indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> and are found to be very high, increasing with the pH. The high value indicates charge transfer band either LMCT or MLCT.</p><fig id="fig3"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref></label><caption><title> Stoichiometry of Fe(II)-MD complex by mole ratio method in Acetate bufferof variable pH; [Fe(II)] = 0.5 mM; T = 25˚C &#177; 1˚C; Selected Wavelengh = 615 nm</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-2201168x8.png"/></fig><fig id="fig4"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref></label><caption><title> Plots of slope ratio method of Fe(II)-MD, in Acetate Buffer of PH 5.5; Absorbance vs. concentration of variable reagent, T = 25˚C &#177; 1˚C; Selected Wavelength = 615 nm</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-2201168x9.png"/></fig><p>At all pH, work was carried on three wavelengths, 430, 615 and 730, selected purposely. At 430 nm the ε increases with pH. Same trend is found at all wavelengths. Considering ε on a single pH, it is interesting to note that at pH 4.0 and 4.5, the highest value is found at 430 nm, while at pH 5.0 and 5.5, ε is higher at 615 nm. This observation may correspond to the result, that, at low pH, 2 MD molecules chelate iron (II), while with the rise of pH, all six coordination sites of iron are occupied by MD, forming Fe(MD)<sub>3</sub>. as suggested in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. Stoichiometry</title><p>Stoichiometry is evaluated by mole ratio and further confirmed by slope ratio method. It has been found that at low pH Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>(MD)<sub>2</sub> forms while it converts to Fe(MD)<sub>3</sub> due to de-protonation of ligand at higher pH as showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>. Since the pH have a significant effect on complex formation, indicate that, the chelation of metal take place through catecholic side.</p><p>Results obtained by Slope ratio method are in good agreement.</p></sec><sec id="s3_3"><title>3.3. β and Formation Constant Evaluation</title><p>β value of ML<sub>1</sub>, ML<sub>2</sub> and ML<sub>3</sub> species formed gradually in the solution of varying stoichiometric ratio were calculated by using moleratio data applying single point statistical method where β is the ratio of complex concentration to the product of remaining concentration of metal and ligand at each data point. Overall formation constant of the complex was calculated by using same method; direct moleratiois also used to calculate K<sub>f</sub> in this method formation constant is ratio of equilibrium concentrations of products and reactants [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref30">30</xref>] .</p><p>The overall formation constant for Fe(MD)<sub>3</sub> is found very high about 10<sup>10</sup>. The values of K<sub>f</sub> remains unaffected by pH when determined in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref> at 615 nm. Step wise formation constant at each pH is also similar i.e. no significant change is observed with pH. K<sub>f</sub> obtained by the two methods graphical and statistical handling of mole ratio data is consistent.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>Acidic pH was selected for study, No spectral evidence of complexation was observed at pH below 4 even in the</p><fig id="fig5"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref></label><caption><title> Suggested reaction mechanism between Methyldopa and iron</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-2201168x10.png"/></fig><table-wrap id="table2" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref></label><caption><title> Stoichiometry of Fe(II)-MD Complex at 615 nm olar Absorptivity of Fe(II)-MD Complex in different pH; [Fe(II)] = 0.5 mM; T = 25˚C &#177; 1˚C</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="5"  >Stoichiometry</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Sloperatio method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3:1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Moleratio method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3:1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3:1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table3" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref></label><caption><title> Overall formation constant K<sub>f</sub> of Fe(II)-MD Complex</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="5"  >Formation constant</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Statistical method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.4E+05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.6E+06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.4E+09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.2E+09</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Graphical method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.2E+05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.8E+06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.6E+09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.2E+11</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table4" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref></label><caption><title> Stepwise formation constants of Fe(II)-MD Complex</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle"  colspan="5"  >β values by statistical method</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >β<sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3.38</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >β<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.54</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >5.98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >6.15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >β<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >___</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >___</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>presence of catecholic ligand, which is otherwise reported to catalyze this oxidation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref27">27</xref>] . This observation also supports that Iron is present in its higher oxidation state in investigated complex which is not possible at a very low pH. Spectra and mole ratio curves showed formation of ML<sub>2</sub> complex at 4.0 to 4.5 pH, while an evidence of ML<sub>3</sub> type complexation was found at higher pH. The shifting of peak also indicates variation in nature of complex. The results were verified by slope ratio method. Effect of pH shows that chelation depends on de-proto- nation of MD. It indicates that chelation is through catecholic moiety which has strong affinity for Iron (III). Therefore, the high values of ε are indication of LMCT charge transfer bands, which is characteristic of catecholic ligands. These findings are consistent with the results of Fe<sup>2+/3+</sup> LD system [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.56440-ref27">27</xref>] .</p><p>The K<sub>f</sub> values of the complex was found very high, and remained constant regardless of pH. The complex of iron formed with MD is very strong.</p><p>Strong complexation at pH 4.0 and above while no complex formation up to pH 3.5 reveals that this drug can effectively be taken orally as the pH of stomach (1 to 3.5) does not affect its availability in presence of Fe.</p><p>According to Campbell et al., iron supplements reduce the bioavailability of many drugs including methyldopa due to chelate formation, however no complexation observed at pH lower than 4.0, indicate that chelation and therefore reduction of bioavailability did not occur in stomach.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>Authors are grateful to Dr. Muhammad Baqar Ali (MBBS) of Claims Med Inc. for fruitful discussion about methyldopa and iron supplements. He facilitated in concluding that this drug can effectively be taken orally as the pH of stomach does not affect its availability in presence of Feat pH 4.0 up to pH 3.5.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>NOTES</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.56440-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">La Piana Simonsen, L. (1989) Top 200 Drugs of 1988. Pharmacy Times, 40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Osman, M.A., Patel, R.B., Schuna, A., Sundstrom, W.R. and Welling, P.G. (1983) Reduction in Oral Penicillamine Absorption by Food, Antacid, and Ferrous Sulfate. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 33, 465-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1983.63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Campbell, N.R.C. and Hasinoff, B. (1989) Ferrous Sulfate Reduces Levodopa Bioavailability: Chelation as a Possible Mechanism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 45, 220-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1989.21</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Campbell, R.R.A., Hasinoff, B., Chemenko, G., Barrowman, J. and Campbell, N.R.C. (1990) The Effect of Ferrous Sulfate and pH on 1-Dopa Absorption. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 68, 603-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-087</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Campbell, N.R.C., Ranfine, D., Goodridge, A.E., Hasinoff, B.B. and Kara, M. (1990) Sinemet-Ferrous Sulphate Interaction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 30, 599-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1990.tb03819.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Polk, R.E., Healy, D.P., Sahai, J., Drwal, L. and Racht, E. (1989) Effect of Ferrous Sulfate and Multivitamins with Zinc on Absorption of Ciprofloxacin in Normal Volunteers. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 33, 1841-1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.33.11.1841</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Campbell, N.R.C., Paddock, V. and Sundaram, R. (1988) Alteration of Methyldopa Absorption, Metabolism and Blood Pressure Control Caused by Ferrous Sulfate and Ferrous Gluconate. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 43, 381-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1988.47</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Campbell, N.R.C., Hasinoff, B. and Campbell, R.R.A. (1990) Ferrous Sulfate Reduces Methyldopa Absorption: Methyldopairon Complex Formation as a Likely Mechanism. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 13, 329-332.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hoffman, B.B., Lefkowitz, R.J., Gilman, A.G., Hardman, J.G., Limbird, L.E., Molinoff, P.B. and Rudon, R.W. (1996) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th Edition, MacGraw-Hill, New York.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">The United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, Rockville, M.D. (2000) The United States Pharmacopoeia. 24th Edition, The National Formulary, 19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Amin, D. (1986) Titrimetric Determination of Catecholamines and Related Compounds via Bromine Oxidation and Substitution. The Analyst, 111, 255-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9861100255</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Walash, M.I., Abou-Ouf, A. and Salem, F.B. (1985) Spectrophotometric Determination of Methyldopa in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 68, 91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mohamed, W.I. and Salem, F.B. (1984) Spectrophotometrio and Titrimetric Determination of Certain Adrenergic Drugs. Analytical Letters, 17, 191-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032718408065278</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Salem, F.B. (1987) Spectrophotometric and Titrimetric Determination of Catecholamines. Talanta, 34, 810-812.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(87)80101-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Salem, F.B. (1993) Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Determination of Catecholamines. Analytical Letters, 26, 1959-1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719308017443</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Salem, F.B. (1993) Spectrophotometric and Fluorimetric Determination of Catecholamines. Analytical Letters, 26, 281-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719308017385</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Martinez-Lozano, C., Pérez-Ruiz, T., Tomas, V. and Val, O. (1991) Determination of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine and L-Dopa in Pharmaceuticals by a Photokinetic Method. The Analyst, 116, 857-859.http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9911600857</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Garrido, M.E., Lima, J.L.F.C. and Delerue-Mattos, C. (1997) Flow Injection Amperometric Determination of L-Dopa, Epinephrine or Dopamine in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 15, 845-849.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sharma, C., Mohanty, S., Kumar, S. and Rao, N.J. (1996) Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlorophenolic, Resin and Fatty Acids in Chlorination and Caustic Extraction Stage Effluent from Kahi-Grass. The Analyst, 121, 1963-1967.http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9962101963</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lee, H.B., Hong-You, R.L. and Fowlie, P.J. (1989) Chemical Derivatization Analysis of Phenols. Part VI. Determination of Chlorinated Phenolics in Pulp and Paper Effluents. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 72, 979-984.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tsuchiya, H., Sato, M., Kato, H., Okubo, T., Juneja, L.R. and Kim, M. (1997) Simultaneous Determination of Catechins in Human Saliva by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 703, 253-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00412-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Parsons, L.R., Kerr, T.M. and Weiss, F. (1998) Simple Microbore High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Dopamine and Cocaine from a Single in Vivo Brain Microdialysis Sample. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 709, 35-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00024-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Nozaki, O., Iwaeda, T. and Kato, Y. (1996) Amines for Detection of Dopamine by Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence. Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, 11, 309-313.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1271(199611)11:6&lt;309::AID-BIO424&gt;3.0.CO;2-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kozminski, K.D., Gutman, D.A., Davila, V., Sulzer, D. and Ewing, A.G. (1998) Voltammetric and Pharmacological Characterization of Dopamine Release from Single Exocytotic Events at Rat Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells. Analytical Chemistry, 70, 3123-3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac980129f</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fiaz, T., Fatima, N. and Zaidi, S.Z.A. (2013) Complexation of Iron by Dopamine Analogs: A Spectrophotometric and Potentiometric Study. Pakistan Journal of Chemistry, 3, 75-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15228/2013.v03.i02.p06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fatima, N., Zaidi, S.Z.A., Nisar, S. and Qadri, M. (2013) pH Effect on Stoichiometry and Stability of Ferrous Complexes of (-)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine. Pakistan Journal of Chemistry, 3, 23-28.http://dx.doi.org/10.15228/2013.v03.i01.p04</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zaidi, S.Z.A. and Fatima, N. (2014) A Comparative Study for Chelation of Iron(II) and Iron(III) with Levodopa—An Antiparkinsonian Drug Molecule. European Chemical Bulletin, 3, 648-653.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lykos, P. (1992) The Beer-Lambert Law Revisited: A Development without Calculus. Journal of Chemical Education, 69, 730-732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed069p730</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J. and Nieman, T.A. (1998) Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.56440-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sawyer, D.T., Heineman, W.R. and Beebe, J.M. (1984) Chemistry Experimental for Instrumental Methods. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>