<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Applied Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2152-7385</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/am.2015.64064</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AM-55895</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  On the Derivation and Implementation of a Four Stage Harmonic Explicit Runge-Kutta Method*
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>shiribo</surname><given-names>Senapon Wusu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moses</surname><given-names>Adebowale Akanbi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bakre</surname><given-names>Omolara Fatimah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, Federal College of Education (Technical), Lagos, Nigeria</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>wussy_ash@yahoo.com(SSW)</email>;<email>akanbima@gmail.com(MAA)</email>;<email>larabakre@gmail.com(BOF)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>694</fpage><lpage>699</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>22</month>	<year>April</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day>	<month>April</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  In recent times, the derivation of Runge-Kutta methods based on averages other than the arithme-tic mean is on the rise. In this paper, the authors propose a new version of explicit Runge-Kutta method, by introducing the harmonic mean as against the usual arithmetic averages in standard Runge-Kutta schemes.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Explicit</kwd><kwd> Harmonic</kwd><kwd> Runge-Kutta</kwd><kwd> Autonomous</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>During the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in problem solving systems based on the Runge- Kutta methods. Several methods have been developed using the idea different means such as the geometric mean, centroidal mean, harmonic mean, contra-harmonic mean and the heronian mean.</p><p>In previous papers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref1">1</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref2">2</xref>] , the authors presented a three stage method based on the harmonic mean and a multi-derivative method using the usual arithmetic mean respectively. Akanbi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref3">3</xref>] developed a third-order method based on the geometric mean. In [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref5">5</xref>] , the concept of the heronian mean was introduced. Evans and Yaacob [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>] introduced a fourth-order method based on the harmonic mean while Yaacob and Sanugi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref7">7</xref>] also developed a fourth-order method which is an embedded method based on the arithmetic and harmonic mean. Wazwaz [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref8">8</xref>] presented a comparison of modified Runge-Kutta methods based on varieties of means. Using the definition of the harmonic mean, a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is developed and implemented.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Derivation of the 4sHERK Method</title><p>The schemes introduced by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref7">7</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref9">9</xref>] respectively are</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1375"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x6.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1376"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1377"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1378"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1379"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1380"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1381"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1382"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1383"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1384"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Scheme (2) was referred to as RK-HM-AM. Using the definition of harmonic mean, the following scheme is proposed in this paper:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1385"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1386"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1387"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1388"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1389"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1390"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are constants to be determined.</p><p>The expansion of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as defined above give</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1391"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1392"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1393"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Substituting (8), (9) and (10) into (4) and simplifying the resulting expression using MATHEMATICA (version 8.0.1) package, the coefficients of the powers of h in (4) are compared with that of the Taylors’ expansion of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and upon solving the resulting system of non-linear equations we have</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>; (11)</p><p>Thus, the incremental function (4) of the proposed scheme is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1394"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the proposed scheme (3) is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1395"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1396"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1397"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x34.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1398"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1399"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x36.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Stability of the 4sHERK Method</title><p>For the analysis of the absolute stability of the proposed 4sHERK scheme, the scalar test problem <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with solution <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is used, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a complex variable (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref10">10</xref>] ). With the above test problem, we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1400"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x40.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1401"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1402"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1403"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x43.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Substituting (17)-(20) in (3) and simplifying the resulting expression results in,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1404"><label>(21)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x44.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Letting <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and evaluating <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> from (21), the stability polynomial of the proposed scheme is obtained as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1405"><label>(22)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x47.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The absolute stability region of the 4sHERK scheme is given in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Error Estimation</title><p>Definition: The local truncation error at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the explicit one step method (3) is defined to be <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1406"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x50.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the theoretical solution (See [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref10">10</xref>] ).</p><p>Using the above definition together with (12), the local truncation error (LTE) of the proposed scheme is given as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1407"><label>(23)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x52.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> Absolute stability region of the 4sHERK method</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x53.png"/></fig><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is obtained by Taylor series expansion.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Numerical Experiments</title><p>Consider the IVP</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1408"><label>(24)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x55.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>with the theoretical solution</p><disp-formula id="scirp.55895-formula1409"><label>(25)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x56.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> h =0.125, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, exact solution:<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >x</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Exact Sol.</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-4</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM-AM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>]</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>]</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4sHERK</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-4 Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM-AM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>] Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>] Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4sHERK Error</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.125</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.11803399</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.11803441</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.11803365</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.11803347</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.11803399</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.42308247e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.3380746e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.52268107e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.37325369e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.22474487</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.22474543</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.22474443</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.22474419</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.22474487</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.55362188e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44595043e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.68606666e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44036872e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.375</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.32287566</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.32287625</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.32287518</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.32287492</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.32287565</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.59022189e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.47774995e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.7328127e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44098678e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421356</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421415</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421308</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421283</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421356</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.59242193e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.48102403e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.73644671e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.42553943e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.625</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.50000058</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.49999953</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.49999928</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.58129728e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.47297202e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.72321365e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.4069489e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.58113883</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.5811394</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.58113837</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.58113813</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.58113883</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.56516855e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.46050983e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.70355079e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.38884294e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.875</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.6583124</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.65831294</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.65831195</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.65831171</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.65831239</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.54755259e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44661313e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.68190159e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.37219154e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205081</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205134</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205037</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205015</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.7320508</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.52998364e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.43260686e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66022089e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.35714376e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.125</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.80277564</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.80277615</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.80277522</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.802775</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.80277563</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5131226e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.41907842e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.63936096e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.34359544e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.87082869</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.87082919</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.87082829</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.87082807</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.87082869</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.49722869e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.4062709e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.61966383e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.33137697e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.375</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.93649167</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.93649216</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.93649128</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.93649107</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.93649167</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.48237238e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.39426268e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.60123001e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.32031635e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.00000047</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.99999962</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.99999942</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.46853586e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.38305324e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.58404588e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.31025875e−8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table2" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref></label><caption><title> h = 0.1, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, exact solution:<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >x</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Exact Sol.</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-4</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM-AM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>]</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>]</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4sHERK</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-4 Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM-AM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>] Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>] Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4sHERK Error</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544512</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544526</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544499</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544493</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544511</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.14972954e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.12283314e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.18686867e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.89117402e−9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.18321596</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.18321616</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.18321578</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.1832157</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.18321596</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.20809082e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.17175178e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.26033694e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1122773e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.26491106</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.26491129</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.26491087</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.26491077</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.26491106</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.23071443e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.19118572e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.28910566e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.11668382e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.34164079</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.34164102</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.34164059</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.34164049</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.34164079</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.23787374e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.19765556e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.29840694e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.11515036e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421356</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.4142138</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421336</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421326</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.41421356</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.23792188e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.19807497e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.29870149e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.11172532e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.4832397</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.48323993</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.4832395</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.4832394</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.4832397</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.23461819e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.19559589e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.29472188e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.10781778e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.54919334</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.54919357</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.54919315</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.54919305</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.54919334</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.22976557e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.19174751e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.28874859e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.10394097e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.61245155</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.61245177</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.61245136</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.61245127</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.61245155</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.22426742e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.18730473e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2819297e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.10027719e−8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.67332005</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.67332027</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.67331987</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.67331978</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.67332005</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.21858829e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.18267092e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.27485859e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.96880082e−9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205081</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205102</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205063</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205054</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.73205081</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.21296863e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.17805796e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.26784435e−6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.9375225e−9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table3" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref></label><caption><title> h = 0.01, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, exact solution:<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-7402666x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >x</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Exact Sol.</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-4</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM-AM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>]</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>]</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4sHERK</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-4 Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM-AM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>] Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >RK-HM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>] Error</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >4sHERK Error</th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.00995049</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.00995049</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.00995049</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.00995049</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.00995049</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.20121682e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.18316459e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.26254554e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.2220446e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.0198039</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.0198039</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.0198039</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.0198039</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.0198039</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.38344883e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.34909853e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.50035531e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44408921e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02956301</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02956301</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02956301</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02956301</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.02956301</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.54869442e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.49957816e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.71600503e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.44408921e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.03923048</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.03923048</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.03923048</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.03923048</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.03923048</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.69868555e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.63624661e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.91180397e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.04880885</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.04880885</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.04880885</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.04880885</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.04880885</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.83497653e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.76043616e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.10897283e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.05830052</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.05830052</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.05830052</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.05830052</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.05830052</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.95894404e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.87341245e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.12515544e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.06770783</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.06770783</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.06770783</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.06770783</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.06770783</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.10717871e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.97626351e−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.13988588e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.07703296</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.07703296</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.07703296</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.07703296</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.07703296</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.11745716e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.10699663e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.15330626e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.08627805</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.08627805</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.08627805</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.08627805</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.08627805</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.12682522e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.11553869e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.16553869e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544512</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544512</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544511</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544511</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >1.09544512</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.13536727e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.12333246e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.17669644e−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.66613381e−15</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>We apply the new 4sHERK method (13) to the above IVP and the results obtained are compared with the classical 4-stage fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and the methods of [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref6">6</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.55895-ref4">4</xref>] .</p><p>The results generated by the newly derived scheme in this paper evidently proved the extent of accuracy of the scheme in comparison with the other methods.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>6. Conclusion</title><p>Evidently, the newly derived scheme is more accurate as seen from the computational results presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref>, since its absolute error is the least of all the methods presented in this paper. It therefore follows that the scheme is quite efficient. We therefore conclude that the 4sHERK method proposed is reliable, stable and with high accuracy in computation.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>NOTES</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.55895-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wusu, A.S., Okunuga, S.A. and Sofoluwe, A.B. (2012) A Third-Order Harmonic Explicit Runge-Kutta Method for Autonomous Initial Value Problems. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 8, 441-451.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wusu, A.S. and Akanbi, M.A. (2013) A Three-Stage Multiderivative Explicit Runge-Kutta Method. American Journal of Computational Mathematics, 3, 121-126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Akanbi</surname><given-names> M.A. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>2011</year>)<article-title>On 3-Stage Geometric Explicit Runge-Kutta Method for Singular Autonomous Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations</article-title><source> Computing</source><volume> 92</volume>,<fpage> 243</fpage>-<lpage>263</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Evans, D.J. and Yaacob, N.B. (1995) A Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Method Based on the Heronian Mean Formula. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 58, 103-115.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Evans, D.J. and Yaacob, N.B. (1995) A Fourth Order Runge-Kurla Method Based on the Heronian Mean. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 59, 1-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Evans, D.J. and Yaacob, N.B. (1993) A New Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Formula Based on Harmonic Mean. Department of Computer Studies, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Yaacob, N. and Sanugi, B. (1998) A New Fourth-Order Embedded Method Based on the Harmonic Mean. Matematica, Jilid, 1998, 1-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wazwaz</surname><given-names> A.M. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>1994</year>)<article-title>A Comparison of Modified Runge-Kutta Formulas Based on Variety of Means</article-title><source> International Journal of Computer Mathematics</source><volume> 50</volume>,<fpage> 105</fpage>-<lpage>112</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sanugi, B.B. and Evans, D.J. (1993) A New Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Method Based on Harmonic Mean. Computer Studies Report, Louborough University of Technology, UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.55895-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lambert, J.D. (1973) Computational Methods in ODEs. Wiley, New York.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>