The effect of the alternative resource and time delay on conservation of forestry biomass is studied by considering a nonlinear mathematical model. In this paper, interaction between forestry biomass, industrialization pressure, toxicant pressure and technological effort is proposed and analysed. We find out the critical value of delay and observe that there is Hopf bifurcation. Using the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem, we determine the stability and direction of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the analytical results.
Forestry Biomass Industrialization Alternative Resource Toxicant Technological Effort Local Stability Hopf Bifurcation1. Introduction
Forest is an integral part of our biosphere. It used for fuel, furniture etc. and thus provides strong foundation for the development of any country. Forest assists in the global cycling of water, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. In many developing countries, people burn wood to get energy for heating and cooking. Forest also provides food and shelter to many wild life species. Due to overpopulation, industrialization and associated pollution forests are depleted alarmingly. A typical example is the Doon Valley in the northern part of India where the forestry resources are being depleted by limestone quarries, wood and paper based industries, growth of human and livestock populations, expansion of forest land for agriculture and settlement etc., threatening the ecological stability of the entire region [1] . It is therefore required a suitable harvesting plan to keep ecological balance. For controlling depletion of forestry biomass, alternative resources like synthetic, liquid wood, plastic, wood composite lumber etc. can play an important part. The following examples also motivate us to consider biomass- industry system with alternative resource.
1) To overcome the worldwide problem of conservation of forestry resources, synthetic is a good alternative of wood based product as it is cheap, and needs not much maintenance, and the one most important thing is that it looks fresher than wood based products.
2) Plastic and wood composite lumber are quickly becoming a common replacement for redwood, cedar, and treated lumber in such applications as decking, door and window frames, and exterior moldings. Redwood and cedar decking use virgin trees, maintaining our dependence on scarce wood resources. Plastic and wood composite lumber are worked similarly to real wood and do not require treatment, yet they hold up well to water, sun, insects, and salt air, typical enemies of wood [2] .
[3] proposed and analyzed a mathematical model for the survival of a resource-dependent biological population (such as human beings) where both the population and its resource were affected by a toxicant emitted into the environment from external sources as well as formed by its precursors. [4] investigated a nonlinear mathematical model to study the depletion of forestry resources caused by population and population pressure augmented industrialization. It is shown that the equilibrium density of resource biomass decreases as the equilibrium densities of population and industrialization increase. It is found that even if the growth of population (whether intrinsic or by migration) is only partially dependent on resource, still the resource biomass is doomed to extinction due to large population pressure augmented industrialization. It is noted that for sustained industrialization, control measures on its growth are required to maintain the ecological stability. In [5] , they proposed a nonlinear mathematical model and analyzed to study the survival of resource-dependent competing species. It is assumed that competing species and its resource are affected simultaneously by a toxicant emitted into the environment from external sources as well as formed by precursors of competing species. It is concluded from the analysis that as the cumulative rates of emission and formation of toxicants into the environment increase, the densities of both competing species and its resource decrease. [6] studied the effect of alternative resource (synthetic) on the conservation of forestry biomass which grew logistically decays due to presence of wood based industries.
In same year, [7] studied the effect of time delay on conservation of forestry biomass by proposing a non- linear mathematical model. They assumed that the density of forestry biomass depleted due to the presence of human population and it was being conserved by applying some technological efforts. Further, [8] and [9] investigated and concluded a nonlinear mathematical model to study the depletion of forest resources caused by population and the corresponding population pressure.
As a consequence, we propose a model for the interaction of forestry biomass with industrialization pressure, toxicant pressure and applied technological effort. Further, the effect of alternative resource on the growth of forestry biomass is seen. The time delay is the inherent property of the dynamical systems and plays an important role in almost all branches of science and particularly in the biological sciences. In the further study of the model, we see the effect of time delay on the growth rate of forestry biomass. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we analyze our model with regard to equilibria and their positive conditions. In Section 3, we investigate the stability of positive equilibrium and stability and direction of Hopf bifurcation. In Section 4, some numerical supports are carried out to justify the analytic results obtained in the manuscript. Section 5 deals with the conclusions of the paper.
2. Mathematical Model
We consider the following system of differential equations:
where,.
In model system (1), and are the concentration of forestry biomass and industries, respectively. and are intrinsic growth rate and carrying capacity of biomass and, are intrinsic growth and carrying capacity of industries, respectively. and represents the depletion rate of forest biomass and growth rate of industries in presence of forestry biomass. In the above system (1), growths of industries are based on forestry biomass. For controlling depletion of forestry biomass, alternative resources can play an important role. Using alternative resource, the model (1) can be formulated as
where,.
Here is a time independent constant and its origin is the alternative resource. If, the industries depend only on the forestry biomass and thus it is clear that the system (1) is special case of system (2). If then both the forestry biomass and industries grow without any interaction. In such case, the industries pressure on forestry biomass is completely removed and industries evolve in presence of alternative food only. But such decoupled system is out of our interest. For neglecting above both cases, always lies between 0 and 1 in our system. Due to advancement in technology and industrialization at rapid pace, large amount of toxicants enter into both aquatic ant terrestrial environment and affect biomass. Let us assume that is the concentration of toxicant in the environment at time. Emission of toxicant into the environment from various external sources and industries is and. The constant is the natural washout rate coefficient of toxicant present in the environment, and are the depletion rate coefficients of toxicant concentration in the environment due to its uptake by the forestry biomass. After adding this in system (2), our extend model is as follows:
Here.
Where, ,.
The system (3) is further modified when the technological effort is applied to conserve the biomass. Thus system (3) become as:
where for, , ,.
Here is the measure of effort due to technology applied for conservation of forestry and is the growth rate coefficient of forestry biomass due to technological effort. The constant is the growth-rate coefficient of technological efforts and is the natural depletion-rate coefficient of technological effort.
Lemma: The region of attraction for the model system (4) is given by the set:
where, , and and it attracts all solutions initiating in the interior of the positive octant.
Equilibrium analysis: It can be checked that system (4) has four nonnegative equilibria namely,
, , and. The existence of the equilibrium point is obvious hence omitted. We show the existence of the other equilibria as follows:
Existence of
Here and are the positive solutions of the following algebraic equations:
From Equation (7), we get
.
Thus, exists if: which is obvious.
From Equation (6), we get
.
Putting the value of and in Equation (5), we get
Thus, exists if condition holds.
Existence of
Here and are the positive solutions of the following algebraic equations:
From Equation (10), we get
From Equation (8), we get
.
Putting the value of in Equation (9), we get
Existence of
Here and are the positive solutions of the following algebraic equations:
From Equation (14), we get
After simple manipulation, we get from Equation (12) is
Putting the value of in Equation (13), we get
Putting the value of, and in Equation (11), we get
where
We note that and, showing the existence of in the interval. Now, the sufficient condition for to be unique positive real is at, where
.
Remark 1. From Equation (15), it is easy to note that and, which implies that the equili-
brium density of forestry biomass increases as the growth rate coefficient of technological efforts and value of alternative resources increases.
2.1. Local Stability Analysis without Delay, (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>)
To discuss the local stability of system (4), we compute the variational matrix of system (4). The entries of general variational matrix are given by differentiating the right side of system (4) with respect to and i.e.
where
The variational matrix at equilibrium point is given by
The eigenvalues of matrix in the direction of and are negative. So has stable manifold in plane and unstable manifold in -direction. The equilibrium point is stable manifold in plane if otherwise it becomes unstable in plane.
The variational matrix at equilibrium point is given by
where
The characteristic equation corresponding to the variational matrix is given by
where
According to Routh-Hurwitz criterion, equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable provided the following conditions are satisfied
The variational matrix at equilibrium point is given by
where
The variational matrix has four eigenvalues. The sign of three eigenvalues b22, b23 and b44 are negative so the stability of equilibrium point E2 depends on sign of b11. The equilibrium point E2 is stable manifold in
plane if otherwise it is unstable in plane.
The variational matrix at equilibrium point is given by
where
The characteristic equation corresponding to the variational matrix is given by
where
According to Routh-Hurwitz criterion, equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable provided the following conditions are satisfied
.
2.2. Local Stability Analysis with Delay, (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x152.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>)
To discuss the stability behavior of equilibrium of system (4) with time delay, (i.e.), we linearize system (4) by using the following transformations:
where and are small perturbations around the equilibrium.
The linearized system of system (4) about is given by:
where,
and
The characteristic equation for linearized system (19) is obtained as:
where
,
Let be one such root. Substituting this in Equation (20) and equating real and imaginary parts, we get
Squaring and adding Equations (21) and (22), we get
where
.
Substituting Equation (23) becomes
.
We assume that:
(H1):
We notice that is continuous everywhere with when condition (H1) holds and. Therefore, the Equation (24) always has at least one positive root. Consequently, the stability criteria of the system for will not necessarily ensure the stability of the system for. We assume the Equation (24) has four positive roots denoted by denoted as:
.
Again solving (21) and (22), we get a critical value of delay given as follows
.
2.2.1. Hopf Bifurcation
To investigate the behavior of the system (4) in the neighborhood of. We represent the following theorem.
Theorem:
We observe that the conditions for Hopf bifurcation are satisfied yielding the required periodic solution, that is,
.
This signifies that there exists at least one eigenvalue with positive real part for.
Proof:
Differentiating Equation (20) with respect to, we obtain
Therefore
We can obtain here
Verifying numerically it has been obtained that the transversality condition holds and hence Hopf bifurcation occurs at.
2.2.2. Stability and Direction of Periodic Solutions
In this section, we will derive explicit formulae for determining the direction, stability and period of the bifurcating periodic solutions arises through Hopf bifurcation. The method we will follow is based on the normal form theory and center manifold theorem as given in [10] . Without loss of generality we denote any of the critical values of by at which Equation (20) has a pair of purely imaginary roots and system undergoes Hopf bifurcation. Hence for any root of Equation (20) of the form, ,
and. Let, , so that is Hopf bifurcation value for the system. Define the space of continuous real valued functions as. Using the transformation
, , and and for ; the delay model system (4), then transform to FDE in as,
where, , and and are given by
and
where
,
,
.
For.
By the Reisz representation theorem there exists a function whose components are of bounded variation for such that
In view of Equation (29) we can choose
where, define
and
The system (28) is the equivalent to
where for.
For, define
and a bilinear inner product
where. Then (from here onwards we shall refer by) and are adjoint operators. We know that are the eigenvalues of. Thus, they are also eigenvalues of. We need to compute eigenvectors of and corresponding to and respectively.
Suppose be the eigenvector of corresponding to eigenvalues then
which for, gives
Solving the system of Equation (39), we get
and.
Similarly calculating such that
where
,
.
Now the normalization condition gives
,
.
Thus, is so chosen such that
Proceeding same as [10] and using same notation, we compute the coordinates to describe the center manifold at. Let be solution of Equation (35) when. Define
On the center manifold, we have
and are local coordinates for center manifold in the direction of and. Note that is real if is real. We only consider real solutions. For solution of Equation (35). Since, we have
We rewrite this equation as
where
It follows from (42) and (44) that
Also we have
where
.
So that
Thus
Now
Comparing the coefficients in (37) with those in (50), we get
In order to compute, we need to and. From Equations (42) and (45) we have
with
Also, on, using chain rule, we get
It follows from (46), (52) and (54)
etc. Now for
which on comparing the coefficients with (53) gives
From (56), (58) and the definition of, we have
Note that, hence
Similarly from (56), (59) and the definition of, we have
where and are constant vectors, to be determined.
It follows from the definition of and (45) that
From Equations (61) and (63) we get
and
Using (61) and (66) in (64) and noting that is eigenvector of, we have
i.e.
Similarly using (63) and (67) in (65), we get
We solve system (69) for and (70) for and using these values are determine and and hence. Now to determine the direction, stability and period of bifurcating periodic solutions from critical point at the critical value we can compute the following necessary quantities as given by [10] .
Hence, using the results of [10] . We have the following theorem.
Theorem (3.2.1): If, then the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical (subcritical) and the bifurcat-
ing periodic solutions exist for. The bifurcating periodic solution is stable (unstable) if
and the period increase (decrease) if.
3. Numerical Support
In this section, we present numerical simulation to illustrate the results obtained in the previous sections. The system (4) is solved using the MATLAB software package under the following set of parameters.
(a), , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,.
The interior equilibrium point of system (4) with data (a) is
Then, we can easily obtain that (H1) to be satisfied. By computation, we have . The transversality condition (27) is satisfied as.
The stability behavior of the system (4) for can be depicted by Figure 1. To check the dynamic behavior of the system (4) for can be seen by Figure 2 and Figure 3. A Hopf bifurcation occurs at when and small amplitude periodic solution around and this can be visualized from Figure 2 and Figure 3. From Figure 2 and Figure 3 we can see that when the system is stable and for the system becomes unstable. An alter- native resource has a strong impact on the depletion of forestry biomass which can be seen from Figure 4. From this we can see increasing the value of alternative resource the concentration of forestry biomass increases and also controlling the instability of the system (4) when see Figure 4(b). Now see impact of other factors on forestry biomass. Increasing the value of the concentration of forest biomass increases
Stable behavior of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x386.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x386.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x387.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with time, when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x386.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x387.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x388.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and other parameter values are same as (a)
Trajectory portrait and phase portrait of system (4) for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x391.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and other parameters are same as (a).
refer Figure 5. From Figure 6 we see that the concentration of forestry biomass decreases when the value of increases. Increasing the values of and the concentration of forestry biomass increases refer Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Now to verify the result of Theorem (3.2.1), we have shown the variation of variables and for and in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. Also for the above set of parameter values, we get
, , and. Since, the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical and the direction of the bifurcation. Also and, this implies
that the bifurcating periodic solutions arising from at are stable and the periods of limit cycle increases.
Trajectory portrait and phase portrait of system (4) for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x411.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and other parameters are same as (a).
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to see the effect of alternative resource and time delay on conservation of forestry biomass. We have obtained the explicit formulae that determine the stability and direction of the bifurcating periodic solutions by using the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem. For the given set of parameter values in (a), we found that, the Hopf bifurcation was supercritical with stable periodic solutions and the direction of bifurcation was. Forests serve as a source of life for the forest based small and large scale industries. However, due to shrinking forests area, the industries are facing wood crisis. To overcome wood crisis, alternative resources like synthetic, liquid wood, plastic, wood composite lumber etc are good alternative for wood based products. For preserving our forestry biomass we can control the
(a) and (b) show variation of the forestry biomass with time for different values of A<sub>r</sub> when<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x415.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x415.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x416.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> respectively and other parameter values are same as (a).
Variation of the forestry biomass with time for different values of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1380337x418.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and other parameter values are same as (a)
Variation of the forestry biomass with time for different values of γ<sub>1</sub> and other parameter values are same as (a)
Variation of the forestry biomass with time for different values of ϕ and other parameter values are same as (a)
Variation of the forestry biomass with time for different values of ϕ<sub>1</sub> and other parameter values are same as (a)
wood based industries by human awareness or some government action. Hence, we conclude from our analysis that the forestry biomass may be conserved by applying technological effort and alternative resources.
Acknowledgements
Second author thankfully acknowledges the NBHM (2/40(29)/2014/R&D-11/14138) for the financial assistance in the form of PDF.
ReferencesShukla, J.B., Freedman, H.I., Pal, V.N., Misra, O.P., Agarwal, M. and Shukla, A. (1989) Degradation and Subsequent Regeneration of a Forestry Resource: A Mathematical Model. Ecological Modelling, 44, 219-229.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(89)90031-8Li, W.Z., Ju, M.T., Liu, L., Wang, Y.N. and Li, T.L. (2011) The Effects of Biomass Solid Waste Resources Technology in Economic Development. Energy Procedia, 5, 2455-2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.422Shukla, J.B., Sharma, S., Dubey, B. and Sinha, P. (2009) Modelling the Survival of a Resource Dependent Population: Effect of Toxicants (Pollutants) Emitted from the External Sources as Well as Formed by Its Precursors. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 10, 54-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2007.08.014Dubey, B. and Narayanan, A.S. (2010) Modelling Effects of Industrialization, Population and Pollution on a Renewable Resource. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 11, 2833-2848.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2009.10.007Dhar, J., Chaudhary, M. and Sahu, G.P. (2013) Mathematical Model of Depletion of Forestry Resource, Effect of Synthetic Based Industries. International Journal of Biological, Life Science and Engineering, 7, 1-5.Misra, A.K. and Lata, K. (2013) Modeling the Effect of Time Delay on the Conservation of Forestry Biomass. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 47, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2012.10.002Misra, A.K., Lata, K. and Shukla, J.B. (2014) A Mathematical Model for Depletion of Forestry Resources Due to Population and Population Pressure Augmented Industrialization. International Journal of Modeling, Simulation and Scientific Computing, 5, 1-16.Misra, A.K., Lata, K. and Shukla, J.B. (2014) Effects of Population and Population Pressure on Forest Resources and Their Conservation: A Modeling Study. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 16, 361-374.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9481-xAgarwal, M. and Devi, S. (2011) A Resource-Dependent Competition Model: Effects of Toxicants Emitted from External Sources as Well as Formed by Precursors of Competing Species. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 12, 751-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2010.08.003Hassard, B.D., Kzrinoff, N.D. and Wan, W.H. (1981) Theory and Application of Hopf Bifurcation: London Mathematics Society Lecture Note Series. Vol. 41, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.