1. Introduction

FNS

Food and Nutrition Sciences

2157-944X

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/fns.2015.64044

FNS-54965

Articles

Biomedical&Life Sciences

Impact of Nutritional Counselling on Nutritional Status of Postmenopausal Women

urpreet

Kaur

¹^*Paramjit

Chawla

Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India

* E-mail:gkaur0077@gmail.com(UK);

20032015

060442943630 January 2015accepted 20 March 24 March 2015

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of nutrition counselling on food intake and anthropometric measurements in postmenopausal women. Sixty postmenopausal women were selected from two villages of Sangrur district and were divided into two groups —Group I (Control) and Group II (Experimental) containing 30 subjects each. Subjects of Group II were imparted nutrition counselling (NC) regarding benefits of Aloe vera and its use in diet in individual and group contacts once in a week, for a period of three months. Aloe vera plants were also distributed to be used in their diets. Dietary intake of subjects for 3 consecutive days by 24 hr recall method was recorded before and after nutrition counselling. The average daily nutrient intake of diets was calculated by using Diet Cal. Anthropometric parameters were calculated before and after counselling. Dietary survey revealed that intake of cereals, fats/oil and sugar/jaggery decreased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) whereas intake of green leafy vegetable, other vegetables and fruits increase significantly ( p ≤ 0.01) after counselling. A significant decrease in energy, carbohydrate, fat and significant increase intake in iron, calcium, potassium, Vitamin C and β-carotene content was observed. A significant reduction was observed for weight, body mass index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT) and waist hip ratio (WHR) by 4.9%, 3.98%, 2.9% and 2.17% respe ctively, while random blood sugar (RBS), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased by 25.21%, 13.74% and 8.03% after counselling. After nutrition counselling subjects adopted good nutritional practices and use of Aloe vera leaves in diets which improved their health status of postmenopausal women.

<i>Aloe vera</i> Leaves Anthropometric Measurements Nutrient Intake Nutrition Counselling

1. Introduction

The menopause is a particularly important time in a woman’s life. It is a time of adaptation and transition to new biological situation which involves loss of the reproductive function. It is an aspect of human ageing and a useful predictive risk marker of a variety of aging―related diseases and health problems. Several biological and psychological changes take place during this phase. Menopause may be associated with vasometor symptoms, bone loss, urogenital atrophy, urinary tract infections and incontinence, increased cardiovascular risk, somatic symptoms, sexual dysfunction and loss of skin elasticity, which may have a significant negative impact on the overall quality of life for a substantial number of women [1] . Most women experience menopause between 40 and 58 years of age, the median age being 51 years. Typical symptoms at the time of menopause lasting 4 - 5 years are hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness and sleep disturbances [2] . Medical opinion has always projected menopause as malady because of its association with a variety of acute and chronical conditions, both physical and psychological. Following the menopause, the effects of urogenital ageing are commonly apparent with declining levels of estrogen producing atrophic changes [3] .

Aloe vera has marvellous medicinal properties. Scientists have discovered over 150 nutritional ingredients in Aloe vera. There seems to be no single magic ingredient. They all work together in a synergetic way to create healing and health giving benefits. The ten main areas of chemical constituents of Aloe vera include: amino acids, anthraquinones, enzymes, minerals, vitamins, lignins, monosaccharide, salicyclic acid, Saponins and phytosterols [4] . Vitamin C and Vitamin E are important antioxidant agents. Aloe vera exerts antioxidative effects by increasing the bioavailability of Vitamins C and E [5] . Aloe vera has very good nutritional composition. It contains 20 of the 22 Amino acids required for good nutrition. Aloe has shown to contain 13 of the 17 minerals required in the body, namely, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, aluminium, magnesium, manganese, selenium, silicon, zinc and cobalt. Other than these minerals, vitamins like vit. B₁, B₂, B₃, choline, folic acid, vit. C and carotene are also present in Aloe [6] . The use of neutraceuticals is new trend and plants still present a large source of natural antioxidants that may serve as leads for the development of antioxidant supplement. Aloe vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) is a species of Aloe. Among its many beneficial medicinal activities, Aloe vera inner leaf gel has potent antioxidant activities. It inhibits the chemical reactions through which oxidative molecules cause damage [7] [8] .

Nutrition counselling aims at importance of balance diet and healthy eating habits for better management of symptoms, improvement of health and nutritional status, thus reducing potential for complications, promoting path way through physical and psychological well being and encouraging healthy eating habits during post menopause. In Punjab only few studies have been conducted relating to nutritional and heath status of postmenopausal women and effect of Aloe vera in daily use. The present study has been designed to study the impact of nutrition counselling regarding use of Aloe vera products on health status of postmenopausal women.

2. Materials and Methods2.1. Selection of Aloe vera Leaves

Samples of Aloe vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) plant free from blemishes and damage were procured from Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana.

2.2. Selection of Subjects

Sixty postmenopausal women were selected from two villages Kasba Bhural and Dasounda Singh Wala, District Sangrur, Punjab. The criteria used for the selection of the subjects were as follows:

1) Female who were not having their menstrual periods from 1 - 3 years.

2) Aged between 50 - 60 years.

3) Free from serious complications.

Selected subjects were divided in to two groups―Group I (Control) and Group II (Experimental) containing 30 subjects each. Nutrition information was imparted to the selected subjects of Group II regarding benefits of Aloe vera, products of Aloe vera and their use in diet in individual and group contacts once in a week, for a period of three months. Nutrition counselling was not given to the subjects of Group I. Nutrition counselling was given through information education (IEC) material, booklet containing all the information regarding health benefits of Aloe vera and its use in different recipes. Demonstrations of different recipes incorporating Aloe vera were conducted. The subjects of Group II (experimental) were provided Aloe vera plant to be used in their diet.

2.3. Nutritional Assessment

Dietary intake of subjects of Group I and Group II for three consecutive days by 24 hr recall method was recorded before and after counselling. The average daily nutrient intake of diets was calculated by using Indian Nutritional Software (Dietcal). Various anthropometric parameters viz. height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), Triceps Skin Fold Thickness (TSFT), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) were recorded before and after counselling using standard method given by Jelliffe [9] .

2.4. Biochemical Assessment

Random Blood Sugar (RBS) levels were estimated by finger prick method using Glucometer. Systolic (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) was also recorded by using a sphygmomanometer given by Maclead [10] before and after nutrition counselling.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Data were statistically analyzed by student’s t-test and paired t-test were used to test the significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) differences between variables.

3. Results and Discussion3.1. Food and Nutrient Intake of the Subjects

Table 1 depicted that the mean intake of green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables and fruits was inadequate, whereas pulses, milk and milk products, fats and oils and sugar and jaggery was more than suggested intake given by ICMR [11] . Data regarding daily food intake of the subjects revealed decrease in intake of cereals from 280.23 to 244.97 g in Group II (experimental) after counselling while increase in intake of pulses from 56.9 to 60.1 g. Daily intake of other vegetables and milk and milk products was 75.5 g and 409 ml respectively before counselling which increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) to 82.5 and 434.2 ml after NC. A signifi- cant increase was observed in consumption of fruits from 85.91 to 92.17 g after NC. Daily intake of fats/oils and sugar/jaggery decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 31.47 ± 1.84 and 36.7 ± 1.16 to 24.2 ± 1.09, 33.9 ± 0.37 in subjects of experimental group after counselling. The survey data of the previous study also revealed that a decrease in cereal consumption from 337.9 g to 326.2 g after nutrition counselling [12] .

Nutrient intake of subjects in Table 2 as suggested by Ghafoorunissa and Krishnaswamy [13] revealed that mean daily intake of energy was 2191 ± 12.86, 2200 ± 13.19 Kcal and 2184 ± 12.30, 1774 ± 12.73 Kcal before and after NC in subjects of Group I and Group II respectively. Likewise, decreased intake of carbohydrate and protein was observed in experimental group from 350 ± 16.07 to 267.8 ± 11.73 g and 64.92 ± 0.89 g to 60.17 ± 0.43 g after NC. The mean daily intake of fat in Group I and Group II were 63.12 ± 0.55, 59.13 ± 0.70 g and 63.99 ± 0.73, 47.2 ± 0.46 g before and after counselling respectively. The mean daily intake of dietary fibre was 10.49 ± 0.11, 9.13 ± 0.13 g and 11.03 ± 0.17, 17.31 ± 0.33 g in Group I and Group II respectively. There was a significant increase in intake of fibre in subjects of Group II after counselling. The mean intake of total fats by postmenopausal Punjabi women was 60.76 ± 0.57 g [14] . In line, the mean intake of fibre in vegetarian postmenopausal women was 12.4 g [15] .

Persual of the data indicated that intake of fibre was less than the RDA where as intake of energy, protein, total fat was more than RDA. Mean daily intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and total fat decreased after the nutrition counselling which may be due to decreased consumption of cereals, pulses, roots and tuber, fats/oil and sugar/jaggery. Whereas mean daily intake of dietary fibre increased after the NC which may be due to increase in consumption of Aloe vera, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, roots and tubers and fruits.

The data on mean daily intake of vitamins and minerals as given by ICMR [16] clearly indicated that the mean daily intake of Vitamin C was 26.97 ± 0.35 mg which significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased to 31.17 ± 0.71 mg/day in subjects of Group II (experimental) due to consumption of Aloe vera leaves in daily diet. β-carotene was found to be 2424 ± 91.76 µg/day before counselling which was 3274 ± 99.71 µg/day after counselling in Group II. There was significant increase in calcium, phosphorus, iron and potassium and decrease in sodium after NC. The mean daily intake of iron and calcium were 14.88 ± 0.03 mg and 545.75 ± 4.78 mg before nutrition

Table 1 Daily food intake of the subjects before and after nutrition counselling

Food Groups	Group I (Control) (n = 30)	Group II (Experimental) (n = 30)	Suggested Intake
Cereals (g) Before After t Value	269.07 ± 7.79 268.33 ± 8.24 0.82^NS	280.23 ± 7.45 244.97 ± 6.58 5.86^**	270
Pulses and Legumes (g) Before After t Value	57.9 ± 1.89 58.1 ± 1.86 1.20^NS	56.9 ± 1.85 60.1 ± 1.64 3.88^**	60
Green Leafy Vegetables (g) Before After t Value	52.57 ± 1.25 53.13 ± 0.03 1.94^NS	53.8 ± 1.30 59.83 ± 1.15 6.94^**	100
Other Vegetable (g) Before After t Value	82.7 ± 0.68 83.03 ± 0.11 1.43^NS	75.5 ± 0.61 82.5 ± 0.68 8.13^**	200
Roots/Tubers (g) Before After t Value	84.37 ± 0.79 84.43 ± 0.63 0.73^NS	82.23 ± 1.32 87.03 ± 0.88 5.52^**	200
Fruits (g) Before After t Value	87.08 ± 0.75 87.58 ± 0.63 1.33^NS	85.91 ± 1.99 92.17 ± 1.11 3.76^**	100
Milk and Milk Products (ml) Before After t Value	408.3 ± 1.48 410.61 ± 0.99 1.51^NS	409 ± 3.47 434.2 ± 1.58 7.51^**	300
Fats/Oil (g) Before After t Value	31.8 ± 1.71 30.13 ± 1.75 1.90^NS	31.47 ± 1.84 24.2 ± 1.09 4.67^**	20
Sugar/Jaggery (g) Before After t Value	37.3 ± 0.51 36.8 ± 0.43 1.34^NS	36.7 ± 1.16 33.9 ± 0.37 2.59^*	20

Values presents mean ± SE; ^**Significant at 1 percent level of significance; NS: Non-significant.

counselling which increased to 17.29 ± 0.08 and 660.77 ± 5.52 mg in subjects of experimental group respectively. In line, another study reported low intake of iron by Punjabi women, i.e. 17 mg [17] . The mean daily intake of phosphorus was 563.43 ± 5.03 mg and 621.43 ± 5.74 mg before and after nutrition counselling in the subjects of Group II respectively. Daily mean intake of potassium was 462.25 ± 4.68 mg and 660.02 ± 4.96 mg before and after NC by the subjects of Group II. The mean daily intake of sodium was 297.7 ± 12.8 mg before counselling which decreased to 261.1 ± 11.31 mg after nutrition counselling in subjects of experimental group.

3.2. Anthropometric Measurements

The anthropometric profile of the selected subject is presented in Table 3. The mean height of the subjects of Group I (control) and Group II (experimental) was 159 ± 0.63 cm and 158 ± 0.63 cm respectively. Mean height of postmenopausal women to be 157 cm [18] . Mean weight of the subjects were 66.76 ± 0.93 and 68.71 ± 0.93 kg before NC in Group I and Group II, respectively which was more than the standard value given by ICMR [19]

Table 2 Nutrient intake of postmenopausal women before and after nutrition counselling

Nutrients	Group I (Control)		Group II (Experimental)		t Value	RDA
Nutrients	Before	After	Before	After	t Value	RDA
Energy (Kcal)	2191 ± 12.86	2184 ± 12.30	2200 ± 13.19	1774 ± 12.73	4.45^**	1800 - 2400
Carbohydrate (g)	338 ± 15.89	337 ± 15.07	350 ± 16.07	267.8 ± 11.73	4.75^**	300 - 340
Protein (g)	64.93 ± 0.71	65 ± 0.92	64.92 ± 0.89	60.17 ± 0.43	4.69^**	50 - 60
Total Fat (g)	63.12 ± 0.55	63.99 ± 0.73	59.13 ± 0.70	47.2 ± 0.46	3.08^**	40 - 60
Dietary Fibre (g)	10.49 ± 0.11	11.03 ± 0.17	9.13 ± 0.13	17.31 ± 0.33	6.51^**	40
Vitamin C (mg)	28.30 ± 0.40	29.01 ± 0.54	26.97 ± 0.35	31.17 ± 0.71	3.72^**	40
β Carotene (µg)	2692 ± 93.52	2701 ± 94.3	2424 ± 91.76	3274 ± 99.71	2.04^*	4800
Iron (mg)	15.00 ± 0.04	15.41 ± 0.10	14.88 ± 0.03	17.29 ± 0.08	3.76^**	21
Calcium (mg)	411.28 ± 4.43	394.17 ± 4.01	545.75 ± 4.78	660.77 ± 5.52	2.76^**	800
Phosphorus (mg)	427.21 ± 4.71	456 ± 4.84	563.43 ± 5.03	621.43 ± 5.74	2.79^**	800
Sodium (mg)	294.2 ± 12.71	296.6 ± 12.91	297.7 ± 12.8	261.1 ± 11.31	1.77^*	1902
Potassium (mg)	419.56 ± 4.81	412 ± 3.94	462.25 ± 4.68	660.02 ± 4.96	5.71^**	1000

Values are mean ± SE; ^**Significant at 1% level of significance; ^*Significant at 5% level of significance; NS: Non-significant.

Table 3 Anthropometric parameters of subjects before and after nutrition counselling

Parameters	Before	After	% Change	t Value	Standard Range
Height (cm)
Group I (Control)	159 ± 0.63	159 ± 0.63	-	NS	-
Group II (Experimental)	158 ± 0.63	158 ± 0.63	-	NS	-
Weight (Kg)
Group I	66.76 ± 0.93	67.01 ± 0.93	0.37	NS	61
Group II	68.71 ± 0.93	64.92 ± 0.93	5.5	3.64^**
BMI (Kg/m²)
Group I	28.47 ± 0.83	28.44 ± 0.82	0.1	NS	18.5 - 24.99
Group II	28.28 ± 1.01	26.87 ± 0.94	4.9	9.01^**
MUAC (cm)
Group I	31.74 ± 0.77	31.74 ± 0.77	-	NS	29.3
Group II	31.40 ± 0.76	30.15 ± 0.68	3.98	4.82^**
TSFT (mm)
Group I	21 ± 0.12	20.97 ± 0.12	0.14	NS	16.5
Group II	18.1 ± 0.07	17.57 ± 0.41	2.9	6.19^**
WHR
Group I	0.91 ± 0.12	0.91 ± 0.12	-	NS	<0.80
Group II	0.92 ± 0.07	0.90 ± 0.07	2.17	11.8^**

Values are mean ± SE; ^**Significant at 1% level of significance; NS: Non-significant.

and it decreased by 5.5 percent in Group II after counselling which may be due to decrease in daily intake of cereals, fats/oils and sugar/jaggery. After NC and Aloe vera powder (100 mg/day) supplementation weight of subjects suffering from NIDDM significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced to 73.10 Kg from 75.20 Kg [20] .

The mean BMI before counselling in the subjects of Group I and Group II was 28.47 ± 0.83, 28.28 ± 1.01 Kg/m². It was observed that BMI so obtained was higher in Group I and Group II as compared to standard range given by WHO [21] . A highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) decrease was observed in experimental group after NC by 4.9 percent. In line, another study reported the mean BMI of women from Bangalore in the age group of 45 - 50 years as 27.8 to 28.9 kg/m² [22] . In NIDDM subjects before counselling BMI was 26.11 Kg/m² which reduced to 25.38 kg/m² after NC and Aloe vera powder (100 mg/day) supplementation and significant (p ≤ 0.01) reduction was observed [20] .

The mean values of MUAC of the subjects was 31.74 ± 0.77, 31.40 ± 0.76 cm before nutrition counselling in Group I (control) and Group II (experimental) respectively. The observed values of MUAC in subjects of both the groups were higher than the standard value [9] . A significant (p ≤ 0.01) reduction in MUAC was observed in Group II (3.98%) which may be due to consumption of Aloe vera leading to decrease in weight. Mean MUAC of postmenopausal women as 31.85 ± 1.11 cm which is near to the finding of present study [14] . Mean values of TSFT were 18.1 ± 0.07 mm which decreased to 17.57 ± 0.41 in Group II after NC which was higher than the standard value i.e. 16.5 [9] . A significant (p ≤ 0.01) decrease in TSFT values was observed in Group II was 2.9 percent. Mean WHR of the subjects before and after the counselling was 0.91 ± 0.12, 0.92 ± 0.14 and 0.91 ± 0.12, 0.90 ± 0.07 in Group I and Group II respectively which was higher than the standard value, i.e. <0.80 given by Ghafoorunissa and Krishnaswamy [23] . The data revealed that the waist hip ratio of postmenopausal women was 0.95 [15] .

3.3. Random Blood Sugar (RBS) Level of the Subjects

The present study in Table 4 [24] revealed that the mean values of RBS were 240.63 ± 11.54, 241.4 ± 14.40 mg/dl and 239.57 ± 11.46, 180.53 ± 8.05 mg/dl in Group I (control) and Group II (experimental) before and after nutrition counselling respectively. A significant (p ≤ 0.01) decrease in RBS level was 25.21 percent. After nutrition intervention, i.e. Aloe vera powder supplementation (100 mg/day) in NIDDM subjects the values of blood glucose level of subjects reduced to 153.37 mg/dl from 185.07 mg/dl at baseline [20] . Administration of the five phytosterols from Aloe vera namely/lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartanol and 24-me- thylene-cycloratanol to severe type 2 diabetic mice for 28 days decreased the fasting blood glucose levels by 64%, 28%, 47%, 51% and 55% respectively [25] .

3.4. Blood Pressure Level of the Subjects

The mean value for systolic blood pressure in Table 5 [26] were 132 ± 4.56, 143.38 ± 5.08 mm Hg and 132 ± 5.56, 123.67 ± 1.95 mm Hg in the subjects of Group I and Group II before and after NC respectively. A significant (p ≤ 0.01) decrease was observed in Group II. The mean values of diastolic pressure were 90.66 ± 2.63, 95.33 ± 3.06 mm/Hg and 90.00 ± 2.44, 87.67 ± 1.49 mmHg in Group I and Group II before and after counselling respectively. A significant (p ≤ 0.01) decrease was observed in Group II. The mean initial systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects was 137.63 and 86.03 mm Hg. After three months of Aloe vera supplementation (100 mg/day) the value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects was 131.65 and 83.13 mm Hg. A

Table 4 Random blood sugar level of subjects before and after nutrition counselling

Random Blood Sugar Level (mg/dl)	Group I (Control) (n = 30)	Group II (Experimental) (n = 30)	Standard Range
Before	240.63 ± 11.54	241.4 ± 14.40	140 - 200 mg/dl
After	239.57 ± 11.46	180.53 ± 8.05
% Change	0.44	25.21
t Value	NS	5.06^**

Value represents Mean ± SE; ^**Significance at 1% level of significance; NS: Non-significant.

Table 5 Blood pressure of the subjects before and after nutrition counselling

Blood Pressure (mm/Hg)	Group I (Control) (n = 30)	Group II (Experimental) (n = 30)	Standard Range
Systolic Bp (mm Hg)			120
Before	132 ± 4.56	143.38 ± 5.08
After	132 ± 4.56	123.67 ± 1.95
% Change	0	13.74
t Value	NS	4.91^**
Diastolic Bp (mm Hg)			80
Before	90.66 ± 2.63	95.33 ± 3.06
After	90.00 ± 2.44	87.67 ± 1.49
% Change	0.72	8.03
t Value	NS	2.99^**

Mean values ± SE; ^**Significance at 1%.

significant (p ≤ 0.01) reduction in blood pressure of the subjects of Group II after three months of counselling and Aloe vera supplementation [20] .

4. Conclusion

From the above results it may be concluded that mean daily intake of green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables were inadequate where as cereals, milk and milk products, fats and oils were more than the suggested intake which decreased after counselling. A significant decrease in intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat and significant increase in intake of fibre was observed in experimental group. A significant decrease in weight, BMI, MUAC, TSFT and WHR in Group II was observed after counselling and due to decreased consumption of cereals, fats/oil and sugar/jaggery. A significant reduction was observed in RBS, SBP and DBP after counselling and may also due to consumption of Aloe vera leaves in their diets. Use of Aloe vera leaves should be encour- aged as it helps to improve nutritional status and could be easily included in diet.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for providing Aloe vera plants at free of cost for research purpose.

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