Dynamically calculated routing tables and exchange of dynamic routing information among mobile nodes are inevitable for existence of multi-hop networks due to their nature characteristics. The ad hoc environment provides an opportunity to deploy a simple network without requesting any pre-identified network infrastructure. The lightweight wireless devices which participate in these networks relay the user information on the network and do not generate any dynamic routing information to communicate with other devices. Authentication is prominent for an ad hoc environment since dynamic routing information is crucial for secure data transfer among participating nodes. On the other hand, due to mobility and dynamic nature of multi-hop wireless networks, participating nodes may not reliable to share static routing information and generation of dynamic routing information becomes a certain issue.

Researchers have discussed Gossip Relay protocols in the literature however there is no detailed research available to evaluate security aspects of GRP since it is designed to enhance performance. The implementation of the GRP relays on the probabilistic method to determine the priority of the message to broadcast by assigning a rate of probability. RTS/CTS mechanism with TORA protocol is used to provide an authentication between sender and receiver so it also creates dynamic routing information with different proposed methods similar to GRP where it aims to decrease the broadcast messages on the network without requesting any explicit route setup. The dynamic nature of wireless networks requires lightweight security mechanisms in order to tackle limitations of basic network infrastructure and to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of the network. Aim of this research paper is to expose the impact of different lightweight routing mechanisms on multi-hop wireless networks in terms of different network performance metrics. In the organization of this research paper, the first section discusses current researchers conducted on the basis of GRP protocol on the basis of parent child and siblings relationship theory. The next section covers formulation of simulation scenario for proposed mechanisms in OPNET simulation environment and findings section discusses the simulation outcomes to expose the optimal algorithm to use in multi-hop wireless networks. In the next section, all these lightweight robust mechanisms are shown and explained in details and each of the proposed method is simulated in OPNET environment to compare and expose the optimal algorithm or method to use in multi-hop wireless networks.

GRP is proposed by the researchers in the literature with an idea of reducing broadcasted messages by a probabilistic method and determine whether a participating node will broadcast the received message or not [1] . The implementation of GRP is designed based on AODV protocol by the researchers which require route calculation and choose the best route to use and forward the messages. Other researchers have proposed another routing efficient algorithm by clustering the participating nodes into subset of neighbors which is efficient and nodes used to forward broadcasted message to the corresponding neighbors rather than sending to entire network [2] [3] . The GRP protocol relay on a deterministic approach with probabilistic function in order to reduce message flooding on the network to prevent overhead problem. Based on the GRP protocol, the MAC protocol is modified for CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) feature to implement such mechanism on the network. The proposed GRP protocol is used to conduct Parent-Sibling-Child (PSC) relationship for direct traffic flows which clearly shown in the literature [4] . The PSC relationship leads participating nodes to be clustered into such hierarchy to forward broadcasted received message only to it’s corresponding relative, e.g. child or sibling. Figures 1-3 illustrate the relationship between parent-child-sibling techniques below. Each of the relationship illustrated on the figures have a specific probability formulas which were shown on the formulas below. The P_n represents the broadcast probability where n is received packages. The increased probability for packets received from parent is shown in Equation (1) below [4] ;

where decreased probability for packets received from sibling shown in the Equation (2) below [4] ,

where n is the nth new message package and n − 1 is the n − 1th message package.

The basic purpose of this method is to purpose package broadcast mechanism from the parent node rather than from the siblings. This mechanism creates kind of virtual clusters among nodes. Figure 1 presents parent diagram for direct traffic flows in proposed GRP parent-sibling-child mechanism.

The parent node A is responsible of spreading packages to its siblings which prevents B and C nodes to broadcast redundant packages to A and mitigate overhead problem.

Figure 2 illustrates the sibling relationship between nodes.

As it is presented in the Figure 2, B becomes sibling of A and transfers particular segment to A while corresponding segment contains a message stating that the parent for B is C. This implementation decreases the probability of broadcast of messages from siblings.

Figure 3 above illustrates the child diagram mechanism. The figure presents 2 different cases where A receives a messages from D, that approves D is the parent of A. Meanwhile if A receives a package from B, which the parent of B is C, which is the sibling of A, hence to A, B takes the role of a child.

Request to Send (RTS), Clear to Send (CTS) and Fragmentation Thresholds impact on AODV protocol are well known by the simulation experiments conducted in this study and RTS implementation is done in order to increase the performance of the network. Figure 4 illustrates the basic working mechanism of RTS/CTS. In other cases, RTS/CTS is the optional mechanism used by the 802.11 wireless networking protocols to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden node problems [5] . The impact of RTS/CTS mechanism is clearly stated by the researchers and exposed through simulation experiment in the literature. However, in order to analyze the difference between the GRP and RTS/CTS under TORA protocol and expose the most optimal way solution for multi-hop wireless networks, it is necessary to conduct a simulation experiment. Variety of studies conducted in the literature to solve security dilemma of wireless networks and researchers have proposed variety of solutions for 802.11 mobile wireless environment security challenges [6] -[8] . Researchers have conducted simulation experiment in order to expose findings of their study. The next section gives brief description about

simulation experiment designed in this study.

The tool used for the simulation study is OPNET 14.0 modeler. OPNET is a network and application based software used for network management and analysis where it provides variety of simulation samples with Graphical User Interface (GUI) along with the considerable amount of documentation and study cases for wired as well as wireless networks [9] . In this research, 2 different scenarios are used and illustrated through OPNET simulation package. In the first scenario, GRP protocol is simulated and in second scenario RTS/CTS mechanism is simulated. The attributes and parameters set for the creation of the simulation environment for scenario 1 in OPNET shown on the Table 2 in details below.

The performance metrics set for this experiment are shown on Table 2. According to the values of Table 2;

Throughput; is the rate of successful messages delivered from source point to destination node over a communication channel through wired or wireless media.

End-to-end delay; is the time taken for the segment/datagram to be transmitted across a network from source to destination and represented as;

dend-end = N [dtrans + dprop + dproc]

where;

dend-end = end-to-end delay

dtrans = transmission delay

dprop = propagation delay

dproc = processing delay

dqueue = Queuing delay

N = number of links (Number of routers + 1).

Network Load; is amount of package (segment/datagram) traffic being carried by the network.

The attributes and parameters set for the creation of the simulation environment for scenario 2 in OPNET simulation package shown on the Table 3 in details below.

Figure 5 illustrates the simulation setup of a single scenario which can be considered as an global scenario since there is no difference between two scenarios in terms of number of participants on the network where comprising of 15 active mobile nodes move around at a specific constant speed of 10 meters per seconds. In this research, 2 scenarios have been developed by setting the specific mobility value of 10 m/s. while the complete simulation duration set to be conducted for 300 seconds. The area for simulation arranged as campus area of

1000 × 1000 meters. The exponential value of 0.3 is set for packet inter-arrival time and generated packet size is set as exponentially 2000 bits. Mobile node data rate is set to 11Mbps with a default transmitting power of 0.005 Watts. Mobile nodes move around with random way point mobility with a constant speed of 10 meter/sec while the pause time is set to 100 seconds. This pause time is taken after the corresponding generated data reaches it’s’ destination only.

The simulation run time is set as 300 seconds which is equal to 60 minutes with the seed value of 300. Simulation Kernel is set to “optimization”. Application profile, Profile configuration, and Mobility are configured to work on the network in order to provide data flow over the network.

The OPNET simulation package provides two different types of statistics which are known as Global and Object statistics in order to evaluate the performance metrics or the entire simulation outcomes. The global statistics represents the collection of entire network’s data and analysis. The object statistics involves individual nodes statistics. In this simulation experiment, the global discrete event statistics (DES) statistics are taken into consideration for evaluation of performance metrics.

This section focuses on results, its analysis and comparison based on the simulation performed in OPNET modeler 14.0. Based on the parameters set for the simulation scenarios (scenario 1 and scenario 2), the WLAN throughput of both mechanisms are illustrated in Figure 6.

As it is clearly shown on the Figure 6, there is significant difference between GRP and RTS/CTS mechanisms. Overall throughput of the network in terms of bits/seconds is significantly decreased when an RTS/CTS mechanism is used with TORA protocol.

Figure 7 indicates simulation results of average WLAN Delay. The packet end-to-end delay representing the average time in order to traverse the packet inside the network. This value contains the time frame from the generation of the segment from the sender until the reception of the segment by the receiver and it is expressed in seconds.

Figure 8 shows the average WLAN Delay. Since the RTS/CTS mechanism proposes a handshaking mechanism in order to authentication and aims to eliminate hidden node problem and in contrast to this GRP uses CSMA/CA collision avoidance features, the high rate of WLAN Delay is expected from RTS/CTS scenario.

Finally, Figure 8 shows the average network load, which is the total traffic received by the whole network from higher layer of MAC that is accepted and queued for the corresponding transmission. It represents the amount of traffic in the overall network. It also indicates the total data traffic in bps received by the overall network from higher MAC layer accepted and queued for transmission.

As it shown in the Figure 8, GRP protocol remains faster and contain much network load than TORA

protocol with RTS/CTS mechanism. The high rate of load represents low rate of data dropped on the network due to collisions or some other reasons. However this may indicate the high rate of overhead problems since there is no differentiation of packages received as broadcasted message.

The performance of GRP (with simplified MAC protocol) and TORA protocol (with embedded RTS/CTS me- chanism) is simulated and compared. The GRP is found to deliver much better performance than the TORA protocol in terms of Throughput, Delay and Network Load. Since high rate of broadcasted packages is delivering to the base station through participating nodes in contrast to TORA protocol, it can be considered that GRP is successful. However, the Base Stations used in GRP protocol are fixed and it is also stated in previous studies.

This may lead to exposure for a need of a better probability function to work in more flexible situations where mobility is a serious concern for multi-hop wireless networks. As it is mentioned in the previous section, the overhead problem remains as an unsolved issue since there is a constant data flooding mechanism used in GRP with PSC relationship and no differentiation among packages is specified. Researchers should investigate how to differentiate the forwarding of broadcasted messages to minimize overhead problem for bi-directional data transfers and also in terms of transferred data security.

The purpose of implementation RTS/CTS mechanism on TORA protocol was eliminating imbalance between GRP and TORA. However, results indicated that the RTS/CTS mechanism has an update and includes ACKs which has a significant contribution to leading an overhead problem. Researchers should focus on specific mechanisms or propose new mechanisms to decrease overall overhead on the network by improving RTS/CTS mechanism for TORA protocol. On the other hand, GRP protocol should be examined in more crowded networks to expose overall network load, data drop rate and network throughput to understand its performance during mobility.