<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JFRM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Financial Risk Management</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2167-9533</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jfrm.2015.41003</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JFRM-54403</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Business&amp;Economics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Rearrangement Invariant, Coherent Risk Measures on L&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>hristos</surname><given-names>E. Kountzakis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dimitrios</surname><given-names>G. Konstantinides</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, University of the Aegean, Karlovassi, Greece</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>chrkoun@aegean.gr(HEK)</email>;<email>konstant@aegean.gr(DGK)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>04</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>5</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>2</month>	<year>March</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>5</day>	<month>March</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  By this paper, we give an answer to the problem of definition of coherent risk measures on rearrangement invariant, solid subspaces of L
  &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; with respect to some atom less probability space . This problem was posed by F. Delbaen, while in this paper we proposed a solution via ideals of L0 and the class of the dominated variation distributions, as well.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Rearrangement Invariance</kwd><kwd> Dominated Variation</kwd><kwd> Moment-Index</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>In  (Delbaen, 2009) , the problem of defining a risk measure on a solid, rearrangement invariant subspace of</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-space of random variables with respect to some atomless probability space<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We recall</p><p>that a vector space E, being a vector subspace of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called rearrangement invariant if for random rariables</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, which have the same distribution, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>implies<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Also, the space E is solid if for andom viariables<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, implies<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. In  (Delbaen, 2009) , there is an extensive treatment of this</p><p>problem, related to the role of the spaces <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, compared to E, especially in  (Delbaen, 2009) . On the other hand, the whole paper  (Delbaen, 2002)  is devoted to the difficulties of defining coherent risk measures on subspaces of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, while it is proved that if the probability space is atomless, no coherent risk measure is defined all over <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>  (Delbaen, 2002) . Of course these attempts of moving from <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> to appropriately defined subspaces of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, are related to the tail propertes of the random variables in actuarial science and finance and more specifically to heavy-tailed distributed random variables. The actual problem behind these seminal article by F. Delbaen is since we cannot define a coherent risk measure on the entire<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, whether subspaces of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which are both alike <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and preserve nice distributional properties (from the aspect of heavy-tails). Especially, we treat the rearrangement invariance in the sense of remaining in the same class of distributions and not by requiring distributional invariance. This is the topic of our paper.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Ideals of L<sup>0</sup> and Heavy-Tailed Distributions</title><p>It is well-known that since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a Riesz space, being ordered by the pointwise-<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-a.e. partial ordering &#179;, it would be taken as a Riesz subspace of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence, it may be considered to be an order-complete</p><p>Riesz space. Let us take an element y of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, which corresponds to a heavy-tailed random variable. This indicates that either for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula602"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any real number<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Heavy-tailed random variables may not have even a</p><p>finite moment<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. On the other hand, according to  (Aliprantis &amp; Border, 1999) , the principal ideal <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> generated by y in E, endowed by the norm</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula603"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x36.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>is an AM-space with order unit<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We also have to mention the following relevant.</p><p>Lemma 2.1 If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and y is a heavy-tailed random variable, then every <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a heavy-tailed random variable.</p><p>Proof. Since<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we get that for the sets<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the inclusion <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> holds, which implies <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for the corresponding cumulative distri- bution functions. Since for the integral</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula604"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x44.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>holds for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, this implies</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula605"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x46.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>We recall the class <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of dominated variation distributions:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula606"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x49.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This class is a sub-class of heavy -tailed distributions, see  (Cai &amp; Tang, 2004) .</p><p>Theorem 2.2 If<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> denotes the class of dominated variation distributions respectively, then for every<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. According to what is proved in  (Cai &amp; Tang, 2004) , the class <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is convolution-closed, namely if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. First, we have to prove that if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Since</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, there exists some <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. But<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. This is easy to prove, since if</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula607"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x64.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then in order to prove that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula608"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x66.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then we get that the above limsup is equal to</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula609"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x68.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Moreover, we have to prove that if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. From the previous Lemma,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula610"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x73.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From the properties of the tail function of z we also have that since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula611"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x76.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Hence,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula612"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x77.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Since<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula613"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x79.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>which is the desired conclusion.</p><p>Hence we obtain subspaces E of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, which are actually the ideals <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which satisfy the rearrangement invariance property, while they contain non-integrable distributions, in the sense that for any <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> there is a</p><p>maximum p for which the moment <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> exists in<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Let us discuss more this question. A notion which is</p><p>very important is the one of the moment index. We recall that the moment index for a non-negative random variable x is equal to</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula614"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x85.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We also recall that if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, see in  (Seneta, 1976) ,  (Tang &amp; Tsitsiashvili, 2003) . The use of the moment index in the specific case is that despite the validity of the  (Delbaen, 2002) , due to the fact that the elements of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> distributions lie in the class<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we assure that at least in the ideal<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we assure a general level of non-integrability of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, given by a finite<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. About the question whether the class <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the greatest in which the specific Theorem holds, we have to mention that if we move up to the class of the subexponential distributions, it is not convolution-closed, see for example in  (Leslie, 1989) . As it is also well- known from  (Aliprantis &amp; Border, 1999) , the dual space <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is an AL-space, since the ideal <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is an AM-space with unit<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x88.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x97.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, as mentioned above. Hence, we keep the dual pair</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula615"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x98.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any of the y described above.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Expected-Shortfall on Ideals of L<sup>0</sup></title><p>Taking any <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> whose<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and defining the corresponding dual pair</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula616"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x101.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we may define an Expected Shortfall-form risk measure on<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We have to notice that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> satisfies both the order and the distributional rearrangement property, as a subspace of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. This is due to the properties of the class <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the dominated variation distributions. Hence we use  (Kaina &amp; R&#252;schendorf, 2009)  of the dual (robust) representation of the usual Expected Shortfall in order to prove the following.</p><p>Theorem 3.1 The functional<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula617"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x107.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>is an <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-coherent risk measure, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x110.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>1)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula618"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x111.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, due to the order completeness of the ideal <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x113.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (y-Translation Invariance).</p><p>2)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula619"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x114.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (Subadditivity).</p><p>3)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.54403-formula620"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x116.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for any <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x117.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x117.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (Positive Homogeneity).</p><p>4) If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then for any <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> we get<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence by taking suprema all over <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we ger <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-Monotonicity).</p><p>Finally, if we suppose that the dual pair <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a symmentric Riesz pair, or else that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> has order-</p><p>continuous norm (see also  (Aliprantis &amp; Border, 1999) ), then the values of R are finite since they represent the supremum value of a weak-star continuous linear functional on a weak-star compact set, which is the box of</p><p>functionals<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2410091x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Otherwise, the infinity of the values of R may be excused by the presence of heavy-tailed distributions.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.54403-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Aliprantis, C. D., &amp; Border, K. C. (1999). Infinite Dimensional Analysis, A Hitchhiker’s Guide (2nd ed.). Springer.  
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