This study is a continuation of our previous work. In this experiment, transparent tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) fork electrodes with different width and spacing were coated on the glass substrates. The used dust particle size was smaller than 180 mesh. The effects of the electrode width, the electrode spacing, voltage, frequency, waveform, and the duty ratio on the dust removal efficiency were studied. The obtained optimum conditions of dust removal were as follows: voltage was 1500 V, frequency was 15 Hz, square wave, 10% duty ratio, the electrode width was 0.5 mm, electrodes spacing was 1.3 mm. Our previous experimental results show that the dust removal efficiency would be up to 95%. But in this experiment, under the optimum conditions, the dust removal efficiency could be up to 99%.
With the more and more explorations of the moon, Mars and other planets and the growing popularity of solar energy in the social production, dust removal technology on solar panels has attracted considerable attention and investigation. Among all kinds of known dust removal technologies, growing interest has been focused on elec- tric dust removal technology, because of its high efficiency, clean, no contact and no damage to solar panels, and other advantages. So it has become a hot spot of dust removal research area [1] [2] . Fork electrodes are composed of a series of plus and minus alternate, staggered parallel electrodes, some articles called electric curtain. Electric curtain are divided into two kinds, one is the standing wave electric curtain, which is1 connected to single-phase AC power supply, and the other is the traveling wave electric curtain, which is connected to polyphase AC power supply [3] [4] .
Electric dusting was put forward for the first time by Tatom et al. in 1967. Masuda et al. studied the movement of dust particles in fork electrode electric field. Schmidin and Melcher et al. explored a great diversity of application of electric dust removal with fork electrodes [5] - [7] . Mazumder et al. put forward the concept of flexible electrodynamic screen (EDS) based on the traveling wave electric curtain technology, studied the dust removal efficiency in Martian environmental, and proposed the feasibility of EDS applied to photovoltaic sys- tem in dusting removal on solar panels [8] .
This study is a further exploration of our previous study [9] . Transparent ITO fork electrodes with the same thickness, different width, different spacing were coated on glass substrates and connected to single-phase AC power. The alternating electric field was produced and then the landed dielectric dusts were polarized. The electric force formed by the transient changes of electric field will overcome gravity and dust adhesion strength between the substrate, so the dusts can be removed. The influences of the spacing and width of the fork electrode, voltage, frequency, waveform and duty ratio on dust removal efficiency were investigated in the experiment.
2. Experiment
Dust removal experiment device was shown in Figure 1. The light source is a common used fluorescent lamp. The dust removal efficiency can be measured by detecting the light power intensity of substrate under different condition with power detector. Setting the initial light power intensity of ITO fork electrode is A, after placed dust is B, after dust removal is C, so the dust removal efficiency is defined as: (C − B)/(A − B) * 100%. The dust used in this experiment is the outdoor natural dust in Beijing Daxing district and the particle size is less than 180 meshes. The selected wavelength of power detector is 514 nm.
3. Results and Discussion3.1. Orthogonal Table
Table 1 is orthogonal table of fork electrode dust removal experiment, it can be seen that the dust removal efficiency under the experimental conditions of group 4 (10 Hz frequency, voltage 1500 V, electrode width is 1.5 mm, electrode spacing of 1.6 mm) is highest, up to 96.8%. Through range analysis, the effect of voltage on the dust removal efficiency is the largest, the next is the frequency, last is electrode width, and the electrode spacing has minimal impact on dust removal efficiency. This is mainly because the voltage is one of the main influenc- ing factors of electric field intensity, whereas the frequency determines the speed of direction change of electric field intensity.
Schematic diagram of dust removal experiment device
Orthogonal table of fork electrode dust removal experiment
Number
Factors
Result
Frequency/Hz
Voltage/V
Electrode Width/mm
Electrode Gap/mm
Dusting Efficiency
1
10
500
0.1
0.5
81.80%
2
10
800
0.5
0.8
61.50%
3
10
1100
1
1.3
85.90%
4
10
1500
1.5
1.6
96.80%
5
20
500
0.5
1.3
55%
6
20
800
0.1
1.6
63%
7
20
1100
1.5
0.5
87.60%
8
20
1500
1
0.8
83%
9
30
500
1
1.6
40%
10
30
800
1.5
1.3
85.90%
11
30
1100
0.1
0.8
67.30%
12
30
1500
0.5
0.5
54.50%
13
40
500
1.5
0.8
53.80%
14
40
800
1
0.5
58.30%
15
40
1100
0.5
1.6
88.30%
16
40
1500
0.1
1.3
81.70%
I1
0.8150
0.5765
0.7345
0.7055
II2
0.7215
0.6718
0.6483
0.6640
III3
0.6193
0.8228
0.6680
0.7713
IV4
0.7053
0.7900
0.8103
0.7203
R
0.1957
0.2463
0.1620
0.1073
3.2. Relations between Frequency, Voltage and Dust Removal Efficiency
According to the results of the above orthogonal table and anti-breakdown scope of electrodes, the electrodes of the 4th, 5th, 9th and 15th groups were selected in the experiment, and the electrode width and spacing of which are as follows: 1.5 mm and 1.6 mm, 0.5 mm and 1.3 mm, 1 mm and 1.6 mm and 0.5 mm and 1.6 mm, respectively. The dust removal experiments were carried out under the different voltage and frequency, in order to find the optimal electrode width and spacing, frequency and voltage. The results were shown in Tables 2-5.
The experimental results show that low frequency is more advantageous to remove dust. The higher the voltage, the higher dust removal efficiency is. Considering the whole results, the 5th electrode is the best one. When electrode width is 0.5 mm, spacing is 1.3 mm, the voltage is 1500 V, and the frequency is 15 Hz, the largest dust removal efficiency can reach up to 99%.
3.3. Analysis between Waveform and Dust Removal Efficiency
The impact of waveform on dust removal efficiency has been examined as well. Square wave, sine wave, triangular wave and sawtooth wave were applied respectively to the 5th electrode (0.5 mm and 1.3 mm), under 1500 V voltage and 15 Hz frequency. The dust removal effects were shown in Figure 2. From the results we know that the square wave has the best effect for dust removal, and the sine wave has the worst.
3.4. Analysis between Duty Ratio and the Dust Removal Efficiency
In view of the square wave, the influence of duty ratio on dust removal efficiency was also analyzed. The chosen duty ratio of the square wave is 10%, 20%, 30%, 20% and 50% respectively, under the optimal conditions in dust removal experiment, and the result was shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that the duty ratio have a significant impact on the dust removal efficiency, the higher the duty ratio, the smaller the dust removal efficiency.
Impact of waveform on dust removal efficiency
The influence of duty ratio on dust removal efficiency
The result of group 4 electrode (1.5 mm, 1.6 mm)
Voltage (v) Efficiency (%) Frequency (Hz)
800
1000
1200
1400
1500
5
22
43.9
75.6
76.8
81.7
10
45.2
76.7
82.2
93.2
95.9
15
15.5
22.3
44.7
89.3
93.2
20
39.1
63.2
78.2
89.7
95.4
30
32.5
67.5
77.5
91.3
92.5
40
15.7
25.6
48.8
57
67.8
50
46.3
62.5
66.3
80
85
The result of group 5 electrode (0.5 mm, 1.3 mm)
Voltage (v) Efficiency (%) Frequency (Hz)
800
1000
1200
1400
1500
5
49
72.1
91.3
94.2
95.2
10
38.9
77.9
89.5
94.7
97.9
15
30.5
59
87.6
97.1
99
20
45.9
73.8
91
95.1
95.9
30
43.8
75
88.5
93.8
97.9
40
39.1
66.3
80.4
88
91.3
50
33.3
54.1
55.9
57.7
59.5
The result of group 9 electrode (1 mm, 1.6 mm)
Voltage (v) Efficiency (%) Frequency (Hz)
800
1000
1200
1400
1500
5
25.7
28.7
41.6
45.5
55.4
10
65.2
69.7
78.7
86.5
95.5
15
17
20.5
28.6
29.5
30.4
20
55
59
60
61
65
30
42.3
43.3
47.4
48.5
49.5
40
32.6
60.5
61.6
62.8
64
50
43.9
76.8
82.9
87.8
93.9
The result of group 15 electrode (0.5 mm, 1.6 mm)
Voltage (v) Efficiency (%) Frequency (Hz)
800
1000
1200
1400
1500
5
27.5
56.9
74.5
86.3
90.2
10
64.1
80.6
88.3
89.3
90.3
15
27.2
44.6
66.3
83.7
87
20
50.6
65.2
69.7
70.8
71.9
30
56.6
68.4
69.7
75
92.1
40
32.7
40.9
65.5
68.2
69.1
50
30.6
34.7
64.3
83.7
84.7
4. Conclusion
A series of ITO transparent fork electrodes with different width and spacing were designed, through the orthogonal experiment we know that the key factors influencing the efficiency of dust removal are the voltage and frequency. The 4th (1.5 mm and 1.6 mm), 5th (0.5 mm and 1.3 mm), 9th (1 mm and 1.6 mm) and 15th (0.5 mm and 1.6 mm) electrodes were selected to carry on in-depth analysis of influence of the voltage and frequency on the dust removal efficiency. Furthermore, the influences of waveform and duty ratio on dust removal efficiency were analyzed as well, and the best conditions of dust removal are obtained, as follows: the voltage is 1500 V, at a frequency of 15 Hz, square wave, the duty ratio is 10%, the electrode width is 0.5 mm, and the electrode spacing is 1.3 mm. Under the optimal conditions, dust removal efficiency can be as high as 99%.
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