Rock magnetism is useful in various applications. Hematite is one of the two most important carriers of magnetism in the natural world and its magnetic features were mostly studied through laboratory experiments using synthetic hematite samples. A gap exists between the magnetic behaviors of hematite contained in the natural rocks and ores and those of synthetic hematite samples. This paper presents the results of a rock magnetism study on the natural hematite ores from the Whaleback mine in the Hamersley Province in the northwest of Western Australia. It was found that high-grade hematite ores carry a much higher remanent magnetization than induced magnetization. Hematite ores with less than 0.1% magnetite appear to have an exponential correlation between the bulk susceptibility and hematite content in weight percentage, different from the commonly accepted linear relationship between the bulk susceptibility and hematite content obtained from synthetic hematite samples. The new knowledge gained from this study contributes to a better understanding of magnetic behaviors of hematite, particularly natural hematite, and hence applications to other relevant disciplines.
Rock Magnetism High-Grade Hematite Ores Anisotropy of Magnetite Susceptibility Q-Value Hamersley Province1. Introduction
Rock magnetism is a study focusing on magnetic features of various natural rocks, including different types of ores. Outcomes of rock magnetism are useful in various applications, such as structural geology [1] [2], mineralogy and materials [3] [4], climate change [5] [6], environment assessment [7], exploration of mineral resources [8] [9], metallurgy [10], and so forth. As one of the two most important carriers of magnetism in the natural world, magnetic features of hematite have been well studied [11]-[14]. Most research outcomes were resulted from laboratory experiments using synthetic hematite samples. Such knowledge is very useful and important in understanding the fundamental magnetic behaviors of hematite. However, there is a gap between the magnetic behaviors of hematite contained in the natural rocks and ores and those of synthetic hematite samples. The former is likely to better reflect specific applications in the real world.
One key issue in using natural hematite to study its magnetic behaviors is the difficulty of finding pure or high-grade hematite with no weathering effect from the natural world for the study. In most rocks and ores, hematite and magnetite co-exist. Strength of susceptibility of magnetite is about 200 times stronger than that of hematite [3] [4]. When both magnetite and hematite are present, where magnetite is even between 0.1 and 0.5 wt%, magnetic signatures of magnetite will compress that of hematite.
The Whaleback mine near Newman in the Hamersley Province in the northwest of Western Australia has produced massive high-grade hematite ores, with >99.5% hematite in weight from some sections of this mine. The open-pit has cut hundreds of meters deep down to the ground, making fresh hematite ore samples available for the studies of magnetism of natural hematite. This paper presents the results of such a rock magnetism study on the natural hematite ores from the Whaleback mine. New knowledge gained from this study contributes to a better understanding of magnetic behaviors of hematite, particularly natural hematite, and hence applications to other relevant disciplines.
2. Whaleback Hematite Ores
The Whaleback iron ores are called martite-microplaty hematite ore or M-(mpl H) ore. The microplaty form of hematite is a diagnostic feature of these ores. These ores only occur in open-pit tens to hundreds of meters deep down from the surface. Ores from the shallow zones may contain significant goethite and thus are called the martite-microplaty hematite-goethite ore or M-(mpl H)-g ore, which is not the focus of this study.
Hematite samples used in this study were collected from the fresh cut of open-pit of the Whaleback mine (Figure 1). Oriented hematite blocks were taken from the cut and later prepared to standard drill-core specimens in the laboratory. XRD analyses proven that all these hematite ores have at least 99.5% hematite in weigh without goethite and detectable amount of magnetite [3].
3. Magnetic Features of Hematite Ores3.1. Magnetic Minerals
Both thermal demagnetization and susceptibility experiments clearly show that hematite is the predominant magnetic mineral in these ores. In Figure 2, the sharp drop of magnetization around 675˚C indicates the sole presence of hematite. Although a trace of magnetite may also exit in these ores revealed by thermal susceptibility experiments [4], it must be less than 0.1% in weight in the ores.
3.2. Mean Bulk Susceptibility
M-(mpl H) ores collected from the Whaleback mine exhibit a logarithmic normal distribution (Figure 3). The mean bulk susceptibility of 72 M-(mpl H) ore specimens is 324 × 10−5 SI with a standard deviation of 152 × 10−5 SI. In a few ores that have been affected by later dolerite dykes contain small amounts of secondary magnetite, which results a significant higher susceptibility of up to 1088 × 10−5 SI. These ores have been excluded from the statistics for the mean bulk susceptibility of M-(mpl H) ores.
Open cut of Whaleback mine where hematite samples were taken for this study
Thermal demagnetization curve of M-(mpl H) ore
Frequency histogram of bulk susceptibility of M-(mpl H)-g ores
3.3. Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS)
M-(mpl H) ores show a weak AMS with an average degree of anisotropy of 1.04. The M-(mpl H) ores are generally isotropic in susceptibility but a recognisable sub-bedding-parallel magnetic foliation can be seen in these ores (Figure 4). This indicates the inherited layered magnetic features of these M-(mpl H) from their parent rocks of banded iron formations (BIFs) that have a strong AMS of higher than 1.2 (Figure 4) [3].
3.4. Natural Remanent Magnetization (NRM)
The NRM of M-(mpl H) ores at Whaleback mine varies from 641 to 1130 mA/m. However, the orientation of NRM of ores changes according to the geological structural locations where the ores were taken from. In other words, no unique NRM concentration can be determined from these ores taken from different locations in the mine without structural correction.
3.5. Q-Value or Koenigsberger Ratio
The Q-value or Koenigsberger ratio of rocks and ores is defined as the ratio of their remanent magnetization to induced magnetization, i.e.,
where is the intensity of the Earth’s Magnetic Field (EMF), and is the susceptibility of a sample or the mean susceptibility of a site or a rock unit. The EMF shows only a little variation across the Hamersley Province, so an average of 54,000 nT is used for the whole region [1]. The average Q-value of M-(mpl H) ores in the Whaleback mine is 7.9 with a range varying from 1 to 28. This means the remanent magnetisation is generally much stronger than the induced magnetization in M-(mpl H) ores in the Whaleback mine. The fresh magnetite bearing BIFs, from which the M-(mpl H) ores were derived, only have an average Q-value of 0.65 [15], meaning the remanent magnetisation carried by magnetite is generally smaller than its induced magnetization.
4. Relationship between Bulk Susceptibility and Hematite Content
Figure 5 shows the correlation between the bulk susceptibility and hematite in wt% in ores that contain less than 0.1% of magnetite. The bulk susceptibility in these samples appears to have a good correlation coefficient of +0.6569 with the weight percentage of hematite for the following exponential law:
This is different from the linear relationship between the bulk susceptibility and hematite obtained from synthetic hematite samples [12].
In theory, the inversion of this correlation could be used for estimating hematite content or grade of hematite ores through quick magnetic susceptibility measurements over the ores. However, such estimation would be with large errors due to the roughness of this correlation. Other means such as neural networks can achieve much more accurate estimate through the inverse mapping [16] [17].
5. Conclusions
This study on natural high-grade hematite ores has resulted in the following new findings:
BIF-derived high-grade hematite ores have a weak anisotropy in magnetic susceptibility with a recognizable sub-bedding parallel magnetic foliation. This is likely inherited from the layered magnetic structure of its parent BITs.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of M-(mpl H)-g ores (left) and BIFs (right). S<sub>0</sub> is bedding plane
An exponential correlation between bulk susceptibility and hematite content in samples with <0.1% magnetite
High-grade hematite ores carry a much higher remanent magnetization than induced magnetization, with an average Q-value of about 8. In contrast, the fresh magnetite in BIFs has a lower average Q-value of about 0.7, opposite to that of the high-grade hematite ores.
Hematite ores with less than 0.1% magnetite appear to have an exponential correlation between the bulk susceptibility and hematite content in weight percentage. This is different from the commonly accepted linear relationship between the bulk susceptibility and hematite content obtained from synthetic hematite samples.
Acknowledgements
The Minerals & Energy Research Institute of WA (MERIWA), BHP Iron Ore, Hamersley Iron, and Robe River Iron Associates are thanked for partly supporting this research. This study was supported by an Overseas Postgraduate Research Scholarship of Commonwealth Government of Australia, and a UWA University Postgraduate Award. Guidance from Professors ZX Li and C Powell was much appreciated.
Cite this paper
William W. Guo, (2015) A Study of Rock Magnetism of High-Grade Hematite Ores. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,03,156-160. doi: 10.4236/jamp.2015.32024
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