<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OJMS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Open Journal of Marine Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-7384</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ojms.2015.51013</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">OJMS-53558</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Earth&amp;Environmental Sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Adequate Advance Provided by a Familiar Fluid Dynamic Balance Principle to Tools and Techniques for Water Quality Interpretation: Experienced in Yaound&#233; (Cameroun) 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Supply Dam
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>om</surname><given-names>Olivia Estelle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mbane</surname><given-names>Biouele César</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I,Yaoundé, Cameroun</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>cesar.mbane@yahoo.fr(MBC)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>05</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>158</fpage><lpage>168</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>24</month>	<year>January</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  In a fluid (liquid or gas) at rest, the isobars are horizontal surface. This fluid dynamic balance theorem provides
   
  adequate advance to tools and techniques for Water Quality Interpretation.
   
  We deal in this paper, with an effective way of exploiting the familiar communicating containers’ principle. That formally consists on providing water samples from desired depths of rivers, oceans, retention dams, etc. The prevailing limiting factor to achieve this feat is the length of our sampling pipes named Mbane Bathymetric Tube (MBT) designed for this purpose when rivers or retention dams are very deep. Providing drinking water to urban growing populations is a challenge that no government can escape. Therefore, improving the tools and techniques for water quality interpretation is an adequate advance for drinking water managerial techniques because this allows the recovery of contaminated water which abounds on the earth by acquiring appropriate
   
  wastewater treatment stations. The aim of the manuscript is to provide a brief theoretical description of our designed sampling equipment to allow everyone who is going to use it to solve in advance problems brought by Archimedes’ pressure force when experiencing the sampling pipes. Archimedes’
   
  pressure force acts mainly when moving the sampling pipes to water lower levels and then opening its protective cover which allows the communication with the supply dam.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Communicating Containers’ Principle</kwd><kwd> Water Samples from Desired Depths of Rivers</kwd><kwd> Mbane Bathymetric Tube (MBT)</kwd><kwd> Tools for Water Quality Interpretation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The Yaound&#233; 2<sup>nd</sup> supply dam water, located in Nkolbisson-Minkoameyos village is exposed to demographic pressure. Indeed, the lake is contaminated by all kinds of domestic waste directly disposed on the rivers upstream from supply dam water or brought by runoff and floods in the rainy seasons. The main interest of Minkoameyos’ Lake is that it is the largest and least exposed hitherto of well-known public Lakes that hosts Yaound&#233; city (e.g., Ngoa-Ekelle, Minkoameyos, Atemengue, Melen, Obili, Olezoa, Oyomabang, Emana, and Municipal Lake). Abandoned for years, this lake in the past supply water to Yaound&#233; populations and it is now experiencing a resurgence of interest [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53558-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53558-ref5">5</xref>] provided by the rehabilitation project launched since August 2011 by CAMWATER Company. To reassure consumers of water supplied by Minkoameyos Lake, it is important to organize more often, campaigns on physicochemical and bacteriological analyzes of water samples from surface to desired depths of the lake. Confidence necessary to safeguard the mutual interests of CDE-CAMWATER Companies (companies in charge with drinking water management) and consumers can thus be established and strengthened at the same time. Everyone knows that, in a fluid (liquid or gas) at rest, the isobars are horizontal surface. This fluid dynamic balance theorem provides a familiar communicating containers’ principle which statement is: surfaces of both communicating containers’ liquid at rest in contact with the atmosphere also at rest are in the same horizontal plane. Those above and very useful hydrodynamics theorem and principle have many industrial applications such as vertical alignment of the walls in houses’ building, horizontal alignment of bridge or providing drinking water to each house in town. We deal in this paper, with an adequate and effective way of exploiting the communicating containers’ principle. Our work formally consists on providing water samples from desired depths of Nkolbisson Lake. A designed tube for this purpose named Mbane Bathymetric Tube (MBT) has been conceived and built in order to improve the tools and techniques for water quality interpretation. Our experience in Nkolbisson Lake is an adequate advance for drinking water managerial techniques because it allows an appropriate peer treatment of contaminated water which quality interpretation is irrefutable. Finding out more about the causes of the disease must be a prerequisite before looking for appropriate treatment of that disease (in our case: Finding out more about wastewater physicochemical and bacteriological interpretation is a great challenge before acquiring adequate treatment station).</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Communicating Containers’ Principle</title><p>Everyone must learn a little more about communicating container’s principle which is valid only when both liquid and atmosphere are at rest.</p><sec id="s2_1"><title>2.1. Forces of Significance in Fluid Motion</title><p>a. Gravity Force</p><p>Since physic is dealing with the masses in the vicinity of the earth, we shall consider the mass of the earth (M<sub>e</sub>) and any other mass (m). For the time being we shall neglect the fact that the earth is rotating. Moreover, we shall assume that the earth is a homogeneous sphere with its center of mass at its geometrical center, so that we can chose the earth’s center as the origin of a coordinate system. The assumption of homogeneity is a good assumption for most fluid dynamic requirements. Suppose a point P is located at distance OP = r from the center of the spherical earth, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>. The location of P with respect to the earth’s center is given by the position</p><p>vector<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. A mass m located at P is subject to the force of gravitation F<sub>g</sub> of magnitude<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>This force (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>) accelerates the mass toward the earth, and the acceleration vector, or the force of gravitation is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula49"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Since the acceleration is directed opposite to the unit vector<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we usually deal with unit mass, so that m = 1 and we write the force of gravitation for unit mass in the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula50"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> The mass (m) located at P is subject to the force of gravitation, directed as shown</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x11.png"/></fig><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called the earth’s gravitational constant. Numerical values of the pertinent constant are:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula51"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>b. Frictional Forces/Pressure Forces</p><p>Frictional forces (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>) act on the surface of a fluid volume. They are stresses. There are normal stresses and tangential stresses. If the fluid is completely at rest, all tangential stresses must vanish, and only normal stresses can remain (this fact distinguishes fluids from solids, because solids can remain at rest even when they are subject to tangential stresses). Thus, in a state of rest or equilibrium, the normal stresses must be defined in such a way they reduce to the hydrostatic pressure when the fluid is at rest.</p><p>The magnitude of viscous frictional force, F, is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula52"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where (μ) is the viscosity of the fluid and (A) the acting area.</p><p>Resulting component of frictional force along the x-axis is obtained by (4),</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula53"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula54"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Whether hydrostatic or not, the pressure is defined as force per unit area. Accordingly, the pressure force P is equal to pressure time’s area. We shall treat the pressure as hydrostatic and as a normal stress (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>).</p><p>Component of pressure force along the x-axis results from following relations:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula55"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is negligible with respect to<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,</p><p>The pressure force F<sub>AX</sub>, acting on Face A of rectangular parcel is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula56"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>On Face B:</p><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title> Couette’s proofs of frictional forces existences (the frictional forces are retarding forces)</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x21.png"/></fig><fig id="fig3"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref></label><caption><title> Component of frictional force along the x-axis</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x22.png"/></fig><fig id="fig4"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref></label><caption><title> Component of pressure force along the x-axis</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x23.png"/></fig><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula57"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore the component of pressure force along rectangular coordinates axis</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula58"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula59"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula60"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2_2"><title>2.2. Hydrostatic Equations</title><p>In a state of rest or equilibrium, the normal stresses must be defined in such a way they reduce to the hydrostatic pressure when the fluid is at rest. For a unit mass of fluid, Newton 3<sup>rd</sup> law provides a relationship between pressure forces F<sub>P</sub> and gravity force F<sub>g</sub></p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula61"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The projections of (12) along rectangular coordinates axis give</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula62"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula63"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Hence the familiar fluid at rest state equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53558-formula64"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2_3"><title>2.3. Communicating Containers Principle</title><p>According to Equation (15), isobars (whose equation is dP = 0) in a fluid at rest are horizontal surfaces (due to the fact that horizontal surface equation is dz = 0). Now one can compare liquid-at-rest-surfaces of communicating containers with atmosphere-at-rest-lower boundary isobar. Both surfaces are in the same horizontal plane (the Atmosphere at rest lower boundary isobar in this case). Hence the communicating containers principle state- ment: surfaces of both communicating containers’ liquid in contact with the atmosphere at rest are in the same horizontal plane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref>).</p><fig id="fig5"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref></label><caption><title> Both summits of the communicating containers’ liquid at rest are at the same horizontal surface</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x32.png"/></fig></sec><sec id="s2_4"><title>2.4. Mbane Bathymetric Tube (MBT)</title><p>The purpose of our work is to improve tools and technique for water quality interpretation throughout campaigns on physicochemical and bacteriological analyzes of water samples from surface to desired depths of the waste- waters lake. A designed tube for this purpose named Mbane Bathymetric Tube (MBT) has been conceived and built by C. Mban&#233; Biou&#233;l&#233; according to communicating containers principle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>).</p><p>Once the MBT is dropped at the desired depth H, the little door C1 allows communication with the wastewaters dam and liquid at the desired depth H will pull into the empty tube together with the water sample collector pan till the summit of the liquid inside the tube reach the surface of water around the MBT. The MBT must be removing vertically from water and the water-sample collecting (throughout the little door C2) thereafter. The Mbane Bathymetric Tube will provide adequate advance to tools and techniques for studies on the REEs (rare earth elements) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53558-ref6">6</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53558-ref21">21</xref>] . Indeed, assembling many tubes of reasonable length one after the other (as do engineers on oil rigs), water samples will be taken at greater depths up to 100 m or more.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Experience in Yaound&#233;-Nkolbisson Wastewaters Dam</title><p>The Yaound&#233; 2<sup>nd</sup> dam water retention or lake, located in Yaound&#233; neighborhoods (Nkolbisson-Minkoameyos village in this case (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref>)) is exposed to demographic pressure. For this reason, this lake is contaminated by all kinds of domestic waste directly disposed on the rivers upstream from lake or brought by runoff and floods in the rainy seasons. The main interest of Minkoameyos’ Lake is that it is the largest and least exposed hitherto of well-known public lakes that hosts Yaound&#233; city (e.g., Ngoa-Ekelle, Minkoameyos, Atemengue, Melen, Obili, Olezoa, Oyomabang, Emana, and Municipal Lake). Abandoned for years, this lake in the past supply water to Yaound&#233; populations and it is now experiencing a resurgence of interest provided by the rehabilitation project launched since August 2011 by CAMWATER Company. To reassure consumers of water supplied by Minkoameyos Lake, it is important to organize more often, campaigns on physicochemical and bacteriological analyzes of water samples from surface to desired depths of the lake. Indeed, finding out more about wastewaters bacterial or chemical pollution before equipping (or acquiring) water treatment station is now possible with our MBT for unlimited desired depths.</p><p>Our campaigns (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>) on physicochemical and bacteriological analyzes of water samples coming from surface to desired depths of the Yaound&#233; 2<sup>nd</sup> supply dam was performed on July 03, 2014. Our difficulty was the lack of financial support mainly for physicochemical and bacteriological analyzes fees. Indeed, we were not able</p><fig id="fig6"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref></label><caption><title> Schematic representation of Mbane Bathymetric Tube</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x33.png"/></fig><fig id="fig7"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref></label><caption><title> Administrative and geographical presentation of Yaound&#233;-Nkolbisson supply dam</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x34.png"/></fig><fig-group id="fig8"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref></label><caption><title> Photographs on the MBT experimental and using contexts.</title></caption><fig id ="fig8_1"><label></label><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x35.png"/></fig><fig id ="fig8_2"><label></label><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x36.png"/></fig></fig-group><p>to analyze more than 09 water samples. That is why only 03 database pointes (DBP) has been choice as shown on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">Figure 9</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Brief Results and Discussion</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> contains analysis results of various wastewater samples coming from different desired depths (0 meter, 1 meter, 2 meters) of the Yaound&#233; 2<sup>nd</sup> supply dam. The results in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> show that levies on the water surface provide false or incomplete information on the quality of deep layers of the dam. Matters known as suspension one are also find in 1 meter deep as well as 2 meters. Moreover, nothing prevents suspension matters to exist inside 6 - 7 or 8 meters layers. One should talk about immersion matters: which perfectly corresponds to Thermodynamics or Physics perception of the concept of density of a body. Histograms on the suspended matters’ concentration and pH values of wastewater at various desired depths are presented in Figures 10(a)-(d) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>1.</p><fig id="fig9"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">Figure 9</xref></label><caption><title> The database points’ localization DBP = Data-Base-Point</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x37.png"/></fig><table-wrap id="table1" ><label><xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref></label><caption><title> Bacteriological and physicochemical situation of Yaound&#233;-Nkolbisson 2<sup>nd</sup> supply dam (July 03, 2014)</title></caption><table><tbody><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" >Physicochemical or bacteriological parameters</th><th align="center" valign="middle" >Physicochemical or bacteriological parameters with regard to desired depth j (meter)<sub>j=0,1,2</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >P<sub>1</sub> = DBP<sub>1</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >P<sub>2</sub> = DBP<sub>2</sub></th><th align="center" valign="middle" >P<sub>3</sub> = DBP<sub>3</sub></th></tr></thead><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH<sub>0m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH<sub>1m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >pH<sub>2m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >7.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >IMM (mg/l)<sub>0m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >IMM (mg/l)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >IMM (mg/l)<sub>1m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >IMM (mg/l)<sub>2m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >TDS (mg/l)<sub>0m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.87</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >11.33</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >TDS (mg/l)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >TDS (mg/l)<sub>1m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.86</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >12.36</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >TDS (mg/l)<sub>2m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >10.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >11.33</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >FC (FCU/100ml)<sub>0m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >FC (FCU/100ml)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >FC (FCU/100ml)<sub>1m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >FC (FCU/100ml)<sub>2m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >37</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cnd (mS/Cm)<sub>0m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >22.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cnd (mS/Cm)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cnd (mS/Cm)<sub>1m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >26.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Cnd (mS/Cm)<sub>2m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >23.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >25.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >24.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Salt (‰)<sub>0m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" >Salt (‰)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Salt (‰)<sub>1m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" ></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >Salt (‰)<sub>2m</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" >0.01</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Immerging Matters = IMM; Total Dissolved Solid = TDS; Fecal Coliforms = FC; Electrical Conductivity = C<sub>nd</sub>.</p><fig-group id="fig10"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>0</label><caption><title> (a)-(d) Physicochemical and bacteriological constituents’ histograms.</title></caption><fig id ="fig10_1"><label> (b)</label><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x38.png"/></fig><fig id ="fig10_2"><label>(c)</label><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x39.png"/></fig></fig-group><fig id="fig11"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>1</label><caption><title> Fecal Coliforms’ histogram</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/13-1470174x40.png"/></fig><p>In a fluid (liquid or gas) at rest, the isobars are horizontal surface. This fluid dynamic balance theorem provides adequate advance to tools and techniques for Water Quality Interpretation. We have deal in this manuscript with an effective way of exploiting the familiar communicating containers’ principle. That formally consists on providing water samples from desired depths of rivers, oceans, retention dams, etc. as shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> and related histograms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>0) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>1.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Conclusion</title><p>The aim of our study was to provide a new tool to conventional protocols (i.e., Tools and Techniques) developed for the collection of water samples. All protocols known today, did not allow to go down more than 30 centimeters in depth without the risk of contamination of water samples when they are bring to the surface. Due to lack of financial support, the team who did the taking of water samples was forced to move on tree trunks as presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>(a) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>(b). We were able to perform many other samples to ensure a wider coverage of the lake. But this would have been useless for the simple reason that the laboratory tests are expensive. The effectiveness of the MBT, however, was demonstrated in this experiment. The MBT-protocol will allow the authorities responsible for the management of drinking water resources in Cameroon, to better equip the Camwater wastewaters treatment stations. More adequate measures campaigns will help to identify potential exogenous (and endogenous) contaminating sources of the dam and to eradicate them. We are considering very carefully the modeling of the physicochemical and biological evolution of the basin pollutants in order to allow (with appropriate applications) the site to be under the satellites surveillance. This approach will allow to remotely controlling the level of contamination of this strategic site.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>NOTES</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.53558-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Braun, J.J., Ndam Ngoupayou, J.R., Viers, J., Dupre, B., Bedimo Bedimo, J.P., et al. (2005) Present Weathering Rates in a Humid Tropical Watershed: Nsimi, South Cameroon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 357-387. 
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