<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">APM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Pure Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-0368</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/apm.2015.51005</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">APM-53475</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Time Scale Approach to One Parameter Plane Motion by Complex Numbers
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>atice</surname><given-names>Kusak Samanci</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>Caliskan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Bitlis Eren üniversitesi, Bitlis, Turkey</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Ege üniversitesi, Izmir, Turkey</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>ecitah_tamus@yahoo.com(AKS)</email>;<email>ali.caliskan@ege.edu.tr(AC)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>05</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>5</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   This paper presents building one-parameter motion by complex numbers on a time scale. Firstly, we assumed that <b>E</b> and <b>E</b>′ were moving in a fixed time scale complex plane and {0, e<sub>1</sub>,e<sub>2</sub>} and {0', e'<sub>1</sub>,e'<sub>2</sub>}  were their orthonormal frames, respectively. By using complex numbers, we investigated the delta calculus equations of the motion on T. Secondly, we gave the velocities and their union rule on the time scale. Finally, by using the delta-derivative, we got interesting results and theorems for the instantaneous rotation pole and the pole curves (trajectory). In kinematics, investigating one-parameter motion by complex numbers is important for simplifying motion calculation. In this study, our aim is to obtain an equation of motion by using complex numbers on the time scale. 
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Complex Numbers</kwd><kwd> Kinematic</kwd><kwd> Time Scales</kwd><kwd> Pole Curve</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The calculus on time scales was initiated by B. Aulbach and S. Hilger in order to create a theory that can unify discrete and continuous analysis, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53475-ref1">1</xref>] . Some preliminary definitions and theorems about delta derivative can be found in the references [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53475-ref2">2</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53475-ref4">4</xref>] .</p><p>In this study, some properties of motion in references [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53475-ref5">5</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53475-ref7">7</xref>] are investigated by using time scale complex planes. We find delta calculus equations of the motion and finally we get some results about the pole curves.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Preliminaries</title><p>A time scale is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real numbers.</p><p>Definition 2.1. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be any time scale. The forward jump operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula548"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the backward jump operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula549"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In this definition, we put <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> has a maximum t) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> has a minimum t), where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> denotes the empty set. If<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we say that t is right-scat- tered, while if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> we say that t is left-scattered. Points that are right-scattered and left-scattered at the same time are called isolated. Also if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then t is called right-dense, and if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then t is called left-dense. Points that are right-dense and left-dense at the same time are called dense.</p><p>Finally, the graininess function <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula550"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a function, then we define the function <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula551"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Let us define the interior of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> relative to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which is a function that maps <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> into <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> to be the set</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula552"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x37.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Definition 2.2. Assume <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a function and let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then we define <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> to be the number (pro- vided it exists) with the property that given any ε &gt; 0, there is a neighborhood U of t (i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>for some<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) such that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula553"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x43.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We call <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the delta (or Hilger) derivative of f at t. Moreover, we say that f is delta (or Hilger) differentiable on <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> provided <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> exists for all<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Theorem 2.1. Assume <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a function and let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then we have the following:</p><p>1) If f is differentiable at t, then f is continuous at t.</p><p>2) If f is continuous at t and t is right-scattered, then f is differentiable at t with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula554"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x50.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>3) If t is right-dense, then f is differential at t if the limit</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula555"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x51.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>exists as a finite number. In this case a given</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula556"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x52.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>4) If f is differentiable at t then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula557"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x53.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Theorem 2.2. Assume <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are differentiable at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then:</p><p>1) The sum <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is differentiable at t with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula558"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x57.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>2) For any constant, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is differentiable at t with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula559"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x59.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>3) The product <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is differentiable at t with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula560"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x61.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>4) If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is differentiable at t with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula561"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x64.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>5) If<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is differentiable at t with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula562"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x67.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In the reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.53475-ref3">3</xref>] , the chain rule on time scales is given for various cases.</p><p>Theorem 2.3. Assume <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is continuous, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is delta differentiable on<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is continuously differentiable. Then, there exists <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in the real interval <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula563"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x74.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Theorem 2.4. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be continuously differentiable and suppose <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is delta differentiable. Then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is delta differentiable and the formula</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula564"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x78.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>holds.</p><p>Theorem 2.5. Assume that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is strictly increasing function and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a time scale. Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> exist for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula565"><label>(2.1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x85.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Definition 2.3. For the given time scales <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, let us set</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula566"><label>(2.2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x88.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the imaginary unit. The set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called the time scale complex plane.</p><p>Definition 2.4. For<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we define the cylinder transformation <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula567"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x93.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Definition 2.5. If<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then we define the exponential function by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula568"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x97.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where the cylinder transformation <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is introduced in Definition 2.4.</p><p>Theorem 2.6. If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then</p><p>1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>2)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>3)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>4)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>5)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>6)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>7)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>8)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;</p><p>Theorem 2.7. Assume <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x110.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula569"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x111.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Theorem 2.8. If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula570"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x113.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Theorem 2.9. If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula571"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x116.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. One Parameter Motion and Hilger Complex Numbers on a Time Scale</title><p>Assume that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x117.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a time scale. Let us set the time scale complex plane for as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula572"><label>(3.1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x118.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be moving in a fixed time scale complex plane. The motion is called as one-parameter planar motion by the complex numbers on the time scale and denoted as <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for a planar motion of E relative to E′. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be their orthonormal frames, respectively. We suppose that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is fixed, then we say that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> moves with respect to<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are the functions of a time scale parameter t. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be the position vectors of a point X in the plane, as following we can write the coordinates of the point X by using complex numbers on the time scale with respect to a fixed or moving plane <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x131.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x131.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x132.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, respectively. So:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula573"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x133.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The translation vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x134.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> can be written as the following equation on a fixed plane<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x134.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula574"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x136.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>by using the definition of the time scale complex plane. The translation vector is more suitable as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula575"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x137.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for doing the formulas symmetric on the moving plane.</p><p>Thus, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is equivalent to the vector<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a rotation angle between the vectors <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x142.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (or the time scale complex planes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x142.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x142.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>. So we can find the equation</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> One parameter planar motion on time scale</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x145.png"/></fig><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula576"><label>(3.2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x146.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For any point<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x147.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x147.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x148.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula577"><label>(3.3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x149.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>By substituting <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x150.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in the Equation (3.3)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula578"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x151.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula579"><label>(3.4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x152.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, we can obtain the vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x153.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula580"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x154.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, assume the functions</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula581"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x155.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>are <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-differentiable functions and the parameter t is defined as <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x157.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x157.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x158.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> time scale. We will cal- culate the formulas for a fixed or moving plane.</p><p>Definition 3.1. A velocity vector of the point X with respect to E is called <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x159.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-relative velocity vector of the point X on the time scale. The equation of relative <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x159.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x160.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-velocity vector is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula582"><label>(3.5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x161.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for the moving time scale complex plane.</p><p>Definition 3.2. A velocity vector of the point X with respect to E is called <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-relative velocity vector of the point X on the time scale. The equation of the relative <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x163.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-velocity vector is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula583"><label>(3.6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x164.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula584"><label>(3.7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x165.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for the fixed time scale complex plane.</p><p>Definition 3.3. A velocity vector of the point X with respect to the time scale complex plane <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the planar motion <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which belongs to a curve <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the point <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x171.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-absolute velocity vector of the point X on the time scale and is denoted by<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x171.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x172.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Definition 3.4. On the planar motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x173.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, while the point X is fixed on the moving time scale complex plane <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x173.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x173.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), a velocity vector of the point X is called the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x173.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x176.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-dragging velocity vector of this point on the time scale and is denoted by<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x173.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x176.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x177.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>So, we obtain the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-absolute velocity<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e. the velocity of X with respect to the plane<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x180.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, from the Equation (3.4) using Equation (3.2).</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula585"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x181.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>by Theorem 2.5. Also</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula586"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x182.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and using Theorem 2.7, we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula587"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x183.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x184.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called a delta-angular velocity of the motion <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x184.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x185.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on a time scale, and remembering Equations (3.3) and (3.7), we can find the dragging velocity vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x184.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x185.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x186.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the point X</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula588"><label>(3.8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x187.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula589"><label>(3.9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x188.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>with the restriction<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, from Equation (3.2) by taking the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x190.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-derivative with respect to the parameter t, we get the following equation.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula590"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x191.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and using Equation (3.2), we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula591"><label>(3.10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x192.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Theorem 3.1. A <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x193.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-absolute velocity vector is equal to adding a <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x193.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x194.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-relative velocity vector and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x193.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x194.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x195.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-dragging velocity vector on the motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x193.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x194.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x195.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x196.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula592"><label>(3.11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x197.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Proof. By using Equation (3.10) and Equation (3.5), we can get the following equations:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula593"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x198.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and thus, we get the relation of the velocities:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula594"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x199.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula595"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x200.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We will calculate <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x201.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> here using Equation (3.9) and Equation (3.10);</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula596"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x202.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula597"><label>(3.12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x203.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Theorem 3.2. There is only one point at which the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-dragging velocity is zero for any instant<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e. which is fixed on the both of the planes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x206.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x206.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x207.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, with the restriction <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x206.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x207.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x208.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x206.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x207.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x208.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x209.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. The points at which the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-dragging velocity vector is zero for any instant <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> have to stay fixed for not only the plane<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, but also for the plane <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x213.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x213.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x214.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. By taking <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x213.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x214.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x215.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for fixed and moving planes, from (3.15) and (3.8):</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula598"><label>(3.13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x216.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula599"><label>(3.14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x217.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we can obtain the following complex vectors;</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula600"><label>(3.15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x218.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula601"><label>(3.16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x219.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>which are given <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-instantaneous rotation pole P on both coordinate systems. Because, the affine axioms<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x222.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are the end-points of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x222.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x223.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x222.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x223.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x224.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, respectively.</p><p>Definition 3.5. The point <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x225.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which corresponds to the position vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x225.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x226.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called the for- ward pole or the instantaneous rotation pole or the instantaneous rotation center for the moving plane on the time scale motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x225.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x226.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x227.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>.</p><p>Definition 3.6. The point <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x228.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which corresponds to the position vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x228.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x229.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called the for- ward pole or the instantaneous rotation pole or the instantaneous rotation center for the fixed plane on the time scale motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x228.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x229.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x230.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>.</p><p>We can get the following equations from Equation (3.15) and Equation (3.16):</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula602"><label>(3.17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x231.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula603"><label>(3.18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x232.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>By eliminating <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x234.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> from Equation (3.13) and Equation (3.14), the dragging velocity becomes as following:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula604"><label>(3.19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x235.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula605"><label>(3.20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x236.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and;</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula606"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x237.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>Result 4.1. Two results for the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x238.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-dragging velocity of the point <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x238.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the moving plane can be obtained as follows:</p><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title> The pole curve on time scale</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x240.png"/></fig><p>1) Since scalar product of the vector is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula607"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x241.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x242.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is zero, these vectors are perpendicular.</p><p>2) The length of the vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x243.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> can be calculated as follows:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.53475-formula608"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x244.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>here <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> denotes for the length of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. From this result, we get the following theorem:</p><p>Theorem 4.1. On the motion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the points X of the moving plane E draw trajectories on the fixed time scale complex plane <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which their normals (trajectory normals) pass from the instantaneous rotation pole<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x249.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Theorem 4.2. Every point of X of the moving plane E is doing rotational movement (instantaneous rotation movement) with a <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x250.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-centered, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x250.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x251.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-angular velocity and p factor on instant t.</p><p>Since X is an arbitrary point of the time scale complex plane E, we can give the following theorem:</p><p>Theorem 4.3. A one-parameter motion consists of rotation with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> angular velocity and p factor around the instantaneous rotation pole <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x253.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the moving plane E on t instant, i.e. the plane E rotates with the angle <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x253.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the factor p around the point <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x253.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the time element<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x253.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Theorem 4.4. The velocity vectors of the instantaneous rotation pole <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which draws the forward pole curves on the moving and fixed planes is the same vector at each instant t.</p><p>Theorem 4.5. On one-parameter planar motion <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the moving pole curve <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the plane E rolls onto the fixed pole curve <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the plane <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x261.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> without sliding.</p><p>Result 4.2. Without being depended on time, a motion <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x262.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> occurs by rolling, without sliding, the curve <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x262.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x263.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of E onto the curve <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x262.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x263.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x262.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x263.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300806x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.53475-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Aulbach, B. and Hilger, S. 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