Experimental drugs: n-dodecyl alcohol, glucose, p-Toluenesulfonic, phosphoric acid, Anhydrous copper sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, potassium sodium tartrate.

Laboratory equipment: Type BZY-2 automatic surface tension meter, VERTEX-55 infrared spectrometer, GJ-2-type electric mixer, NDJ-99 rotary viscometer, DK-98-1 type low temperature water bath, AE-200 electronic balance, ZK-1-type vacuum pump.

To a volume of alcohol, glucose (slowly and portionwise) was added to the flask with a reflux condenser, a thermometer, electrical stirrer, and a vacuum system. Heating in an oil bath to a certain temperature, adding a certain amount of catalyst after stir and controlling an appropriate time and pressure within the four-neck flask until the reaction liquid was made into a white turbid supernatant liquid, then the distilled liquid was collected. Reaction after a period of time, we removed a volume of the liquid reaction mixture, neutralizing pH to 7 - 8. We add Fehling reagent into the mixture, and heat it in a boiling water bath for 2 minutes. If a lot of redbrick precipitate is generated, the synthesis reaction is not completely finished. When the solution temperature fell to 60˚C, we add 5% sodium hydroxide solution under atmospheric pressure. The solution was neutralized to pH = 8. Oligomeric sugars were removed by filtration. Excess alcohol during the reaction was removed by vacuum distillation under lower temperature. Then, we use solvent extraction separation, getting crude product. The crude product was formulated to 50% aqueous solution of the APG-12, adding the 5% H₂O₂ and bleaching 90 min under at 60˚C. A pale yellow viscous product was obtained [1] -[5] .

This experiment adopts a reversible reaction. In order to make the rate of reaction fast and right, experiments generally use a high amount of alcohol solution. The higher dosage of alcohol is, the smaller polymerization degree (DP) value of synthetic products is and the better heat and mass transfer of the reaction system are. However, high dosage of alcohol will cause the subsequent refining complex of the synthetic products, and waste of resources. In our study, the molar ratio of alcohol and glucose were: 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1 and 9:1. The effect of the ratio of Alcohol and glucose in APG-12 synthesis is studied. We find out the best ratio of them. The results are show in Figure 1.

As can be seen from Figure 1, when the mole ratio of alcohol and glucose increases, the clarification time of reaction liquid became shorter and yield increased first and then decreased. When the ratio of alcohol and glucose was 9:1, production rate decreased to 92.4%. The low ratio led to low yield. Because mass transfer and diathermancy became weaker as the viscosity of the reaction system became large. Glucose occurred to auto-polymerization, the high ratio of alcohol and glucose lead to high yield. Because catalyst is diluted by a large of alcohol, the catalyst concentration down is extremely low, thus reducing the reaction speed and prolonging the synthesis reaction’s time. This suggests that the amount of alcohol is not the more the better. The molar ratio of

alcohol and glucose 7:1 is the most appropriate.

In order to realize the glycosidation reaction smoothly, reaction rate was accelerated and this reaction uniformly and completely reacted and didn’t coke. Having high conversion rate, we need to develop a suitable binary catalyst, synthesizing APG-12 with direct glycosidation. Different types of catalysts which affect product characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Chapter 1 measured APG-12 performance under the mole ratio of alcohol and glucose which is 7:1. Reaction temperature is 115˚C. Catalyst occupies 1.3% in reaction system. The experiment data explain that acid even has different catalytic properties. Concentrated sulfuric acid had high oxidability. Excess concentrated sulfuric acid made reactant oxidized. The color of product deepened. Glucose was carbonized. Choosing property which 4-toluene sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid compounded was best because relative catalytic activity of 4-toluene sulfonic acid was better.

Catalyst in the reaction of APG-12’s synthesis played a key role. Catalyst which 4-toluene sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid compounded was used in this experiment. The molar ratio of 4-toluene sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid had impact on product productivity in Figure 2.

As can be seen from Figure 2, the productivity which added phosphoric acid was also improved than before. No matter adding phosphoric acid or not, productivity firstly decreased, and then increased with the ratio increased. It is mainly because that excess acid may cause oxidation of glucose, and then make reactant carbonized. The analysis showed that the most appropriate ratio of toluene sulfonic acid and phosphoric acid is 3:1.

Although the conversion rate rises when it has a large amount of catalyst, the mount of catalyst is not the more the better. But if the catalyst dosage is so large, glucose may be generated by highly acidic catalyst. Different dosages of binary complex catalyst effects on the yield are shown in Figure 3.

We can see from Figure 3 that with the increase of catalyst dosage, reaction yield increased rapidly. It declined when reaching a certain amount. When the added amount is low, the catalytic performance of the catalyst

is weak. The reaction rate is slow, which results in a low yield. So, the dosage of the catalyst must ensure that the joined glucose can be consumed rapidly. Otherwise, glucose will gradually accumulate. It aggregated because reaction is too late. Particle size became bigger. The reaction is more difficult. When the added amount is great, the reaction rate accelerates; then, glucose is prone to aggregation, too. The analysis drawn that complex catalyst at 1.3% is best. It has high yield and fast reaction rate at this time.

To discuss the influence of temperature to yield, we do experiment with set different temperature gradients under the conditions of the molar ratio of alcohol and glucose 7:1, binary catalyst dosage 1.3% and pressure 4 kPa. In the case of other conditions unchanged, we set nine reaction temperature points respectively at 90˚C, 95˚C, 95˚C, 105˚C, 110˚C, 115˚C, 120˚C, 125˚C and 135˚C. We conclude the best reaction temperature. The experimental data are shown in Table 2.

When temperature is below 90˚C, the production rate is extremely low, only about 20%. When the reaction temperature rises to 105˚C, the yield increases to over 90% rapidly. It suggests that the reaction takes place smoothly under the condition of temperature above 105˚C. When temperature at 90˚C to 100˚C, the reaction liquid color almost doesn’t change and it is still white suspension. When the temperature is 120˚C, the reaction takes place smoothly. The reaction time shortens for an hour, but the product color becomes orange-yellow. When the reaction temperature is high, the production cost increases and the product yield decreases. When the temperature is 125˚C, a lot of black material generates. By inference, it is caused by glucose carbonization at high temperature. Yield drops to 93% at 135˚C. Therefore, to obtain a higher quality of APG-12, the choice of temperature is extremely important. Generally, synthetic reaction temperature control in 110˚C - 120˚C is appropriate.

The change of pressure would affect dehydration rate. Due to the synthetic reaction, it is a reversible reaction. Reduced water volume of resultant is conducive to the positive direction of motion in reaction to improve the rate of reaction product. The higher temperature is, the lower pressure is and the faster dehydration speed is. Under the condition of molar ratio of sugar alcohol 7:1, the temperature was 115˚C. The amount of catalyst was 1.3%. Effect of yield was observed by changing reaction pressure. The experimental result is shown in Figure 4.

As can be seen from the Figure 4, the lower the pressure is, the higher yield is. When the pressure is greater than 8 kPa, yield decreases to 20% or less. In the 4 kPa - 8 kPa, yield changes rapidly. Yield comes into balance when the pressure is less than 4 kPa. Productivity reached over 90%. Therefore, the best reaction pressure should be 3 kPa - 4 kPa.

Characterization of the APG-12 was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy is common and easy way to analyze and determine the structure of synthetic production. Figure 5 is APG-12 synthesized in the infrared absorption spectrum of the production.

Different substances have different bonds. The absorption wavelength is different. Functional groups of production could be inferred by the absorption peak attribution. As can be seen from Figure 5, in 1710.4 cm⁻¹, this synthetic product has a feeble C-O-C structure stretching vibration peak which could judge whether has a type of APG-12 surfactant material generated or not. Analysis shows that the product is APG-12.