Reference to Figure 2(a) the temperature above 18˚C prevailed over southern coastal area, while the northern most areas showed the average temperature below 0˚C. The comparison of 1950s (Figure 2(a)) and 1960s (Figure 2(b)) shows that the 12˚C isotherms has been moved down towards east in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the belt of temperature which was over the mountains in 1950s was shifted to the piedmonts in 1960s. The shift of isotherms is clear indication that there was change in average temperature in Pakistan at local scale in various decades.

Reference to Figure 3(a) most of Balochistan shows temperature in the ranges below average (& −2) except Kalat and Khuzdar region where the temperature is above average with the temperature coefficient range of & 1 (above average), represents temperature change. In most parts of the Indus

plains (in both Punjab and Sindh) and Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa (KPK), the observed anomalies were

. Nevertheless, Bahawalpur region, FATA, southeastern parts of Sindh falls with in the anomalous temperature coefficient of. The Potwar Plateau reflects slight cooling tendency acknowledged by.

The area in Indus plains between the isotherms of 15˚C and 12˚C is wider (Figure 2(b)) than in case of 1950s

(Figure 2(a)) the same is true for Balochistan also while the area between 18˚C and 15˚C is wider in Sindh in 1950s than in case of 1960s, this confirms the changes in average temperatures at local levels.

Now consider the temperature anomalies (Figure 3(b)) most of Pakistan was under cooling temperatures including most of Sindh, Punjab, Azad Kashmir and Balochistan except the Gawadar area. Most of KPK and FATA were characterized by slight negative coefficient signatures except its upper parts in Hindukush Mountains. In the extreme northeast of the country in HKH mountains temperature was found below average. The Quetta valley and surroundings experienced temperature

well below reference point in 1960s, that belt of temperature change extends up to Noshki region close to Pak-Afghan border.

The comparison between 1960s and 1970s acknowledged that in 1970s (Figure 2(c)), the isotherm of 18˚C has been pushed northward and the same is true for 15˚C isotherm also. The 12˚C, 9˚C, 6˚C, 3˚C and 0˚C isotherms also recorded up slope shift in the mountains. It confers the warming condition especially in rugged parts during the decade of 1970s.

In the decade of 1970s (Figure 3(c)), many parts of the country like KPK, FATA, Jammu & Azad Kashmir (AJK), lower Indus Plains in southern Punjab and upper Sindh experienced temperature change above average acknowledged by. The highest warming of the decade in December was found in Kalat and Surroundings. The KKH, upper Indus Plains, southwestern Balochistan and southern Sindh were dominated by temperature change below average with confidence level of. The Quetta Valley and surrounding were found with anomalous temperatures and noticed to be the coolest area of the decade.

The coastal areas reflected variation of temperature averages almost in all decades, here one thing can not be ignored that is the impact of changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of Arabian Sea [18] . The 12˚C isotherm has climbed slightly up slopes in piedmonts areas (Figure 2(d)). However, the spacing of isothermal lines is more or less analogous in 1970s and 1980s.

The 1980s (Figure 3(d)) registered no obvious warming surface temperatures and most of the country was dominated by that shows temperature slightly below average. The Chitral in KPK and an elongated patch from Mastung-Kalat area to Makran Hills in Balochistan experienced temperature decrease and the temperature was obviously low than their surrounding territories. The only temperature change of the decade with coefficient value below −1 was registered in Sulaiman Ranges.

The comparison of 1980s (Figure 2(d)) and 1990s (Figure 2(e)) supports that a northward as well as northwestward shift of isotherms has occurred in 1990s. The northward shift was not only true for mountains but also obvious in plains and piedmonts which is clear indication of warming. Both the isothermal shift and temperature anomalies confirmed that the mountainous areas of Pakistan face more temperature changes (warming) than plains.

The temperature anomaly in 1990s (Figure 3(e)) was not as uniform over the country as in the decade of 1980s. Abrupt temperature changes were noticed in 1990s where almost all Pakistan was dominated by warming condition. The Sulaiman Ranges and surrounding was below average in 1980s but in 1990s opposite situation persisted with obvious warming tendency. Maximum portion of the national territory configures the change of. The Hindukush Mountains in Chitral, parts of Himalayas, parts of eastern Punjab along the Pak-Indian border southern most Sindh, central and northern Balochistan were subjected to warming and have shown changes in temperature within the range of.

The shift of isothermal lines in 2000s (Figure 2(f)) towards north and northwest was even more than the case of 1990s. The shift of high temperature averages towards north is devastating for the big valley glaciers in HKH and will badly affect the agriculture-based economy of the country based on the Indus Rivers System.

Reference to the decade of 2000s (Figure 3(f)), except FATA, southern KPK, Sulaiman Ranges and Noshki with surroundings the rest of Pakistan is under warming condition. The amount of warming observed was significant as in HKH, KPK, area surrounding Sulaiman Ranges lobe, eastern parts of Sindh, Kharan region in Balochistan and upper Indus plains while temperature changes of was observed in southeastern Punjab and Kirthar Ranges. The upper Indus plains, parts of lower Indus plains, most of Balochistan especially its piedmonts and plains exhibits the change of temperature in December with the range of. Generally, based on results, as one proceeds down from mountainous territories to the plains, the temperature coefficient values are increasing. Therefore, in 2000s warming was much obvious in the plains than mountainous regions while in 1990s the mountains regions have shown more warming than the plains.