In this paper, we present a comparative study between the He-Laplace and Adomain decomposition method. The study outlines the significant features of two methods. We use the two methods to solve the nonlinear Ordinary and Partial differential equations. Laplace transformation with the homotopy method is called He-Laplace method. A comparison is made among Adomain decomposition method and He-Laplace. It is shown that, in He-Laplace method, the nonlinear terms of differential equation can be easy handled by the use He’s polynomials and provides better results.
This paper outlines a reliable Comparison between two powerful methods that were recently developed. The first is Adomain decomposition method (ADM) developed by Adomain in [1] [2] , and used heavily in the literature in [3] -[10] and the references therein. The second is He-Laplace method, an elegant combination of the Laplace transformation, the homotopy perturbation method and He’s polynomials. The use of He’s polynomial in nonlinear term was first introduced by Ghorbani [11] . The proposed algorithm provides the solution in a rapid convergent series which may lead to the solution in a closed form. The two methods give rapidly convergent series with specific significant features for each scheme. Some of the classical analytic methods are lyapunov’s artificial small parameter method [12] perturbation techniques [13] [14] and Hiroa bilinear method [15] [16] . In recent years, many authors have paid attention to study the solution of nonlinear partial differential equation by using various methods. Variational iteration method, He’s semi inverse method [17] and the differential transform method, etc. are among these. The main objective is to introduce a comparative study to nonlinear ordinary differential and partial differential equations by using adomain decomposition method and He-Laplace method.
This paper contains basic idea of homotopy pertaturbation method and He-Laplace method in Section 2, Adomain decomposition method in 3, Application in 4 and conclusion and discussions in 5 respectively.
2. Basic Idea of Homotopy Perturbation Method and He-Laplace Method2.1. Homotopy Perturbation Method
Consider the following nonlinear differential equation
with boundary conditions of
where A, B, and are a general differential operator, a boundary operator, a known analytic function and the boundary of the domain, respectively.
The operator A can generally be divided into a linear part L and a nonlinear part M. Equation (1) may therefore be written as:
By the homotopy technique, we construct a homotopy which satisfies:
or
where is an embedding parameter, while is an initial approximation of Equation (1), which satisfies the boundary conditions. Obviously, from Equatons (4) and (5), we will have:
The changing process of from zero to unity is just that of from to. In topology, this is called deformation, while and are called homotopy. If the embedding parameter is considered as a small parameter, applying the classical perturbation technique, we can assume that the solution of Equations (4) and (5) can be written as a power series in
Setting in Equations (8), we have
The combination of the perturbation method and the homotopy method is called the HPM, which eliminates the drawbacks of the traditional perturbation methods while keeping all its advantages. The series (9) is convergent for most cases. However, the convergent rate depends on the nonlinear operator. Moreover, He [18] made the following suggestions:
1) The second derivative of with respect to must be small because the parameter may be relatively large, i.e.
2) The norm of must be smaller than one so that the series converges.
2.2. He-Laplace Method
Consider the following nonlinear differential equation (IVP):
where are constant. is a nonlinear function and is the source term. Taking Laplace transformation (denoted throughout this paper by) on both side of Equation (10), we have
By using linearity of Laplace transformation, the result is
Applying the formula on Laplace transform, we obtain
Using initial conditions in Equation (14), we have
Or
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
where represents the term arising from the source term and the prescribed initial conditions.
Now, we apply homotopy perturbation method [12] ,
where the term are to recursively calculated and the nonlinear term can be decomposed as
for some He’s polynomial (see [11] [19] ) that are given by
Substituting Equations (18) and (19) in (17), we get
which is the coupling of the Laplace transformation and the homotopy perturbation method using He’s polynomials. Comparing the coefficient of like powers of the following approximations are obtained:
3. A Domain Decomposition Method
A domain decomposition method [3] [4] define the unknown function by an infinite series
where the components are usually determined recurrently. The nonlinear operator can be decomposed into an infinite series of polynomials given by
where are the so-called Adomain polynomial of defined by
or equivalently
It is now well known that these polynomials can be generated for all classes of nonlinear according to specific algorithms defined by (24). Recently, an alternative algorithm for constructing Adomain polynomials has been developed by Wazwaz [6] .
This powerful technique handles both linear and nonlinear equations in unified manner without any need for the so-called Adomain polynomials. However, Adomin decomposition method provides the component of the exact solution, where these components should follow the summation given in (22), whereas ADM requires the evaluation of the Adomain polynomials that mostly require tedious algebraic work.
4. Applications4.1. Example 1
Consider the following nonlinear PDE [20] :
with the following conditions:
4.1.1. Using He-Laplace Method
Equation (22) can be written as
By applying the Laplace transform to both sides of Equation (24) subject to the initial condition, we have
The inverse of the Laplace transform implies that
Now, we apply the homotopy perturbation method, we have
where are He’s polynomials. The first few com-ponents of He’s polynomials are given by
Comparing the coefficient of like powers of p, we have but we consider
So that the solution is given by
which is the exact solution of the problem.
4.1.2. Adomain Decomposition Method
We first rewrite Equation (26) in an operator is
where the differential operators are
The inverse are assumed as an integral operator given by
Appling the inverse operator on both sides of (35) and using initial condition we find
Substituting (22) into the function Equation (38) gives
This can be rewrite at the form
In view of (39), the following recursive relation
follows immediately. Consequently, we obtain
According to Adomain [19] , and approximate solution can be obtained [12] .
the exact solution is given by
4.2. Example 2
Consider the following non-homogeneous nonlinear PDE [20] :
with the following condition:
4.2.1. Using He-Laplace Method
By applying the Laplace transform method subject to the initial condition, we have
The inverse of the Laplace transform implies that
Now, we apply the homotopy perturbation method, we have
where are He’s polynomials. The first few components of He’s polynomials are given by
Comparing the coefficient of like powers of we have
Proceeding in a similar manner, we have
So that the solution is given by
4.2.2. Adomain Decomposition Method
We first rewrite Equation (44) in an operator is
where the differential operators are define as;
And the inverse operator provided that it exists, is defined as:
Appling the inverse operator on both the sides of (52) and using the initial condition, yields:
Now, we decompose the unknown function as a sum of components defined by the series (22):
where is identified as. The components are obtained by the recursive formula:
Or
We note that the recursive relationship is constructed on the basis that the component is defined by all terms that arise from the initial condition and from integrating the source term. The remaining components, can be completely determined recursively.
Accordingly, considering the first few terms, Equations (14) and (15) give:
Finally, using (55) we obtain the solution in series form:
That is:
4.3. Example 3
Consider the following first order nonlinear differential equation [19]
With the following condition:
4.3.1. Using He-Laplace Method
By applying the aforesaid method subject to the initial condition, we have
The inverse of Laplace transform implies that
Now we apply the homotopy perturbation method, we have
where are He’s polynomials. The first few components of He’s polynomials are given by
Comparing the coefficient of like powers of p, we have
So that the solution is given by
which is converging to i.e. exact solution.
4.3.2. Adomain Decomposition Method
We first rewrite Equation (61) in an operator is
where the differential operators are define as;
And the inverse operator provided that it exists, is defined as
Appling the inverse operator on both the sides of (69) and using the initial condition yields:
Now, we decompose the unknown function as a sum of components defined by the series (22):
where is identified as. The components are obtained by the recursive formula:
Or
We note that the recursive relationship is constructed on the basis that the component is defined by all terms that arise from the initial condition and from integrating the source term. The remaining components, can be completely determined recursively.
Accordingly, considering the first few terms, Equations (72) and (73) give:
Finally, using (55) we obtain the solution in series form:
That is:
5. Discussions
The main goal of this work is to conduct a comparative study between Adomain decomposition method and the He-Laplace method. The two methods are powerful and efficient methods that both give approximations of higher accuracy and closed form solutions if existing.
An important conclusion can be made here. Adomain decomposition method for solving nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, the same problems are solved by He-Laplace method. Adomain decomposition method provides the components of exact solution, where these components should follow the summation given in (22). However, He-Laplace is an elegant combination of the Laplace transformation, the homotopy perturbation method and He’s polynomials. Moreover, the ADM requires the evaluation of the Adomain polynomial that mostly require tedious algebraic calculations. The ADM provides the solution in successive components that will be added to get the series solution.
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