The aim of the present note is to demonstrate how easy it is to reformulate and rephrase Einstein’s general relativity [1] -[4] within the frame work of the theories of Cosserat, Cartan and Yano [2] - [9] to account for the obser- ved and quite surprising accelerated cosmological expansion of the universe and the concurrent conclusion that almost 95.5% of the total energy density of the universe seems to be negative dark energy [10] - [27] . In addition we attack the problem from a related point of view based on the degrees of freedom of pure gravity as well as nonlocal elasticity reaching the same results and conclusions [28] - [44] . In particular we show that ‘t Hooft-Velt- man-Wilson dimensional regularization implies fractal-Cantorian space which can have many common features with K. Eringen nonlocal elasticity [44] .

We start from the premise that both Einstein’s spacetime and the maximally symmetric Witten’s five Branes model leads to the same Lorentzian factor γ = 1 for the maximal Einstein energy density, E = γmc² where m is the mass and c is the speed of light and will look upon Cartan’s affine connection from a Lie symmetry groups view point [1] -[5] . Never the less the trivial identity

where γ is the Lorentz factor, and, implies a far more intricate relation than the deceptively harmless appearance transpires [5] - [9] . The rationale behind this assertion is that exactly 504 of the 528 particle-like quantum states may be at least heuristically identified as Cartan-like torsional states. This could be deduced with relative ease from an educated counting exercise of the quantum states of Heterotic string theory [5] . In the course of doing that it will become clear that the 504 are the internal killing-Yano hidden dimensions of E8E8 exceptional Lie symmetry group of superstrings plus 8 [5] :

The 528 killing vector fields on the other hand are interpreted by us here in two ways. First it is the number of components of the killing-Yano conformal tensor [25] and second it is the sum of the dimensions of E8, E7, E6, E5 and E4 [10] - [12] . Based on its Dykin diagram E5 is just another name for. In other words we have [10] - [13]

Adding |E4| = 24 where |E4| is simply another name for |SU(5)| of GUT unification [11] - [13] , we see that

In other words we have [7] - [9]

Consequently the number of the killing components [25] [26] which are related to the purely “ordinary” energy are given by

It is vital at this point not to confuse dark energy with torsion energy due to the 24 Riemann-Cartan connection components in four dimensions because the concept torsion has various meanings in string theory compared to Einstein-Cartan theory [26] . In the present work the 4.5% cosmically measured ordinary energy density is due to the 24 Yano-killing tensor components [25] while the conjectured dark energy is due to the 504 rest components known from the spectrum of Heterotic string theory [5] .

Two further relevant observations regarding the vital number 24. First it is exactly equal to the number of the gauge bosons of SU(5) GUT unification which adds 12 bosons to the well known and experimentally found 12 bosons of the SU(3) SU(2) U(1) standard model of high energy physics [2] [7] [28] [29] . Second the only pure number in the killing-Yano totally skew symmetric tensor of the well known 5 expression is [25] .

Contemplating the situation a little it is not particularly difficult to convince oneself that the Lorentzian factor of Einstein’s energy density corresponding to 24 non-trivial Bianchi identities [2] [26] is the ratio between the 24 and the Witten bulk of 528 maximally symmetric space [2] . Consequently ordinary energy comes with a Lorentzian factor [14] - [23]

and therefore ordinary is given by [14] - [22]

Exactly as expected from previous analysis. Note that 22 could be interpreted as the number of two forms, i.e. harmonic forms of a K3 Kähler compactification representing nontrivial deformations of the anti-symmetric string tensor. Dark energy on the other hand is squarely connected to the negative energy of the non-vanishing torsional part in the Cartan connection, namely the 504 known also from the particle physics spectroscopy of Heterotic string theory [5] . The corresponding Lorentzian factor is thus a ratio representing a coupling constant between two sectors

leading to a dark energy density [14] - [22]

Einstein’s energy density on the other hand is blind to the preceding fine distinction which wrongly considers completely equivalent to, and is therefore given by the sum of the absolute value of both energies as [14] - [22]

We note on passing that 528 is divided in Witten’s model into 1D strings, 2D membranes and 5D Branes [2] [7] [8] :

The corresponding E8E8 expression includes the point-like particles as well as the 3D and 4D Branes [2] [7] - [9] :

The hidden Yano-killing 504 on the other hand are given in Heterotic super string theory by three groups of states, namely 480, 16 and 8 leading to [5]

and

as explained in great detail in [5] . We also note that while for and. Note also that in various Heterotic string theories different divisions

exist [5] . For an in depth study of the E-line exceptional Lie symmetry groups at the root of the present theory Refs. [30] - [32] could be considerably helpful. It may come as a pleasant surprise to the reader to see the power of the imaginative idea of fractal-Cantorian geometry which ascribes the origin of gravity, quantum entanglement, dark energy etc. to the topology of fractal Cantor set to see the entire preceding analysis reduced that way to a single simple equation. The equation is the ratio of either the entangled 4 dimensional spacetime dimension, i.e. where and is Hardy’s quantum entanglement to the disentangled, which means or alternatively where and is the dimension of non-fractal Kaluza-Klein theory, i.e. 5 to the fractal one, i.e. [10] - [21] . In the next section we will dig deeper into related theories all leading to the same result although the theoretical basis of nonlocal elasticity and pure gravity may look superficially to be completely different [22] - [44] .

Unlike the engineering theories of elasticity and elastoplastic structures as well as the theory of micropolar media, there is no meaning at all for the rotation of a point in the Riemannian geometry of Einstein’s field equation. Consequently the details of the energy household are glossed over by taking the continuum limit. That way the role of anticlastic curvature as well as shear forces and torsional deformation is not brought to the fore [35] - [37] .

The preceding analysis is intended to rectify the situation and may be seen as a Cosserat-like material space based analysis in the spirit of the analogies discussed in connection with the pinched elastic cylindrical shell and the corresponding anti-curvature caused by local curvature [23] . We stress that the failure of Einstein’s general relativity to predict dark energy directly could easily be explained via the Cosserat-like theory presented here [23] [24] and even more directly by a careful analysis of the vacuum state of Einstein’s field equation which is usually referred to as pure gravity as we will do shortly in the next section. However we must mention that first Einstein and then Cartan were aware of the problem of rotation and torsion and proposed what became known later on as the Teleparallelism theory [24] [27] . Thus our Cosserat-like theory points essentially in the same general direction as the Teleparallelism relativity theory [24] [27] . It should not pass unnoticed that is not simply a final conclusion in the final chapter of the special theory of relativity. It is far more than that. It implies the general theory of relativity and connects it to thermodynamics long before anyone noticed that including Einstein himself. Needles to repeat what W. Rindler stressed in all his writing that is a leap of faith and a visionary step which does not follow directly from the special relativity only. However this giant leap has paid off and was a risk worth taking. We must also express our deep satisfaction bout the robustness of the result which we always reach using virtually any reasonable theory. The inescapable conclusion is the following: If accelerated cosmic expansion is real and it seems that it is real, then Hawking’s radiation, Rindler’s horizon and Unruh’s temperature are also real [14] . This sweeping conclusion will be validated in the next section dealing with pure gravity [19] . However before turning our attention to pure gravity it is vital that we discuss a particular derivation of dark energy from nonlocal elasticity which may be seen as a discrete element elastic continuum proposed by Elishakoff and his associates [44] based upon a meantime classical model developed by the present author [35] [44] . Proceeding in this way one quickly realizes that we have two Eigenvalues which when combined using Dunkerley theorem [35] , leads to the same results reported here [44] . The first Eigenvalue is maximal energy of Einstein. The second Eigenvalue is the Planck energy. Without going into the detail of the simple but quite delicate computation, we just note that the Dunkerley theorem on two Eigenvalues leads to

which is essentially the Magueijo-Smolin ingenious extension of Einstein’s celebrated formula. Needless to say, this result agrees completely with our derivation as shown in detail in earlier publications in the present journal [10] [21] .

Deriving dark energy from pure gravity [33] [34] , i.e. starting from Einstein’s field equation in the absence of a matter field might be surprising but it is essentially the same as that starting from special relativity. Both approaches have something fundamental in common, namely the geometry and topology of spacetime without matter playing any direct fundamental role. In this sense our present treatment is similar to that of A. Zakharov’s approach to gravity [33] [38] . The crucial fundamental equation in our analysis is that relating the degrees of freedom of the vacuum state to the dimension. The derivation of this equation is quite complex and involved several Lagrangian multiplier but the final result is disarmingly simple, namely [33] [34]

where D are the degrees of freedom and d is the dimension. Since Einstein’s formula was derived for dimensions and since the most general quantum gravity theory which we have is the dimensional Witten’s M-theory, then we could define a coupling constant linking the two as follows

Consequently α could be regarded as the scaling exponent which happens to be equal to the Lorenzian factor of ordinary energy leading to our same previous result [11] [12]

The Equation (16) for D well deserves a closer look as there is more to it than meets the eyes. Setting for instance we have zero local degrees of freedom which indicates a topological field or quantum mechanical behavior of the Witten type. This is quite unexpected from an equation representing a continuation of classical causality. And as if this is not enough, setting which is the fundamental case of two dimensional pure gravity, we find which is a negative degree of freedom. We mention here without going into details that corresponds to the zero set modeling the quantum particle while corresponds to the empty set modeling the quantum wave and consequently dark energy [10] [11] [14] [15] [18] [19] .

Whether we look upon the problem of dark energy exclusively from the point of view of the special theory of relativity or exclusively from the view point of pure energy of general relativity, the end result is the same. As many leading scientists such as Nobel Laureate G. ‘t Hooft [39] [40] maintained, without detailed geometrical topological analysis of spacetime, dark energy and cosmic expansion cannot be explained satisfactorily. The vacuum is far more real and fundamental than any physical theory ever supposed. It essentially gives rise to both gravity and quantum mechanics [10] - [12] [14] [19] [33] [34] [38] . This is a view shared by many experts on the subject [41] .

Finally nothing could testify to the power of the fractal Cantorian picture of spacetime as the origin of all fundamental physics more than the agreement of the cosmological measurements of COBE, WMAP and type 1a supernova measurement with the results of our equation i.e. dark energy den-

sity is given by where 5 and are the dimensions of non-fractal and fractal Kaluza-Klein theory respectively. A similar conclusion could easily be made based on dimensional regularization by setting and noticing then that. This could be a further indication that the Veltman-Wilson-El Naschie conjecture that dimensional regularization implies fractal-Cantorian spacetime is correct [42] [43] .

The Author is indebted for the constructive suggestions and criticisms of an anonymous Referee. He is also deeply thankful to Prof. Dr. Dr. Otto Bruhns who communicated to me some exceptionally relevant papers by our common teacher, the eminent Prof. Dr. Dr. T. Lehmann. Prof. Lehmann was the first to formulate the theory of elasticity in Einstein’s four dimensional spacetime. Memories of our student years in the sixties of last century in Hannover, Germany are highly treasured.