<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">NJGC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>New Journal of Glass and Ceramics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-7554</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/njgc.2014.42005</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">NJGC-45416</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Chemistry&amp;Materials Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Analysis of Activation Energies &amp; Experimental Evidence for Energetic Phase Separation in Ge&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;Se&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Glassy System
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>eepak</surname><given-names>Sharma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anand</surname><given-names>Mohan Awasthi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Indore, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Applied Science Department, SCRIET, CCS University, Meerut, India</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>deepak22phys@gmail.com(ES)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>04</volume><issue>02</issue><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day>	<month>March</month>	<year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>13</day>	<month>April</month>	<year>2014</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day>	<month>April</month>	<year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  Glass science reveals peculiar properties due to the lack of long range order and presence of heterogeneity in Chalcogenide glasses. In thermal studies, structural relaxation at the glass transition region is governed by the activation energy of the cooperative unit (zU). In the cooperative molecular dynamics, we are considering the analysis of three activation energies, namely activation energy per BMS (U), activation energy of the cooperative unit (zU) and the apparent activation energy (z<sup>2</sup>U). From the energetic dynamics of activation energy analysis across the Ge<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>1-</sub>
  <sub>x</sub>
   glass series, data represent three-phase segregation. From our data, we also observed that the value of U<sub>CRR</sub>/RT<sub>g</sub> across the Ge<sub>x</sub>Se
  <sub>1-x</sub>
   g
  lass series is nominally changed from 34.343 to 36.19.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Activation Energies</kwd><kwd> Chalcogenide Glasses</kwd><kwd> Glass Transition</kwd><kwd> Heterogeneity</kwd><kwd> Molecular Dynamics</kwd><kwd> Structural Relaxation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Structural relaxation is an atomic level rearrangement observed in most amorphous materials and Chalcogenide glasses below the crystallization temperature. Structural relaxation has an impact on optical [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref1">1</xref>] , mechanical [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref2">2</xref>] , and electronic transport properties [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref3">3</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref6">6</xref>] , and has been also reported for metallic glasses [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref7">7</xref>] . Amorphous semiconductor such as Si [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref8">8</xref>] , Ge [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref9">9</xref>] , and Chalcogenide glasses, their various elemental combinations are reported for application in electronic nonvolatile resistive memories based on phase change [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref6">6</xref>] and in thermal transport properties. Nowadays the development of phase change memory technology led to the appearance of new materials. Chalcogenide glass semiconductors are one of these families due to their interesting properties. Structural relaxations in Chalcogenide glasses occur through cooperative rearranging region, which grow with decreasing temperature. Earlier studies on thermal annealing have shown the presence of significant defect annihilation during the structural relaxation process where point defects such as vacancies, dangling bond, and distorted bonds disappear at traps and recombine in pairs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref8">8</xref>] . Our recent work has demonstrated unexpected nano-metric signals reported first time by Raman scattering in present Ge<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>1−x</sub> glasses [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref10">10</xref>] in place of Boson peak feature in Chalcogenide glasses [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref11">11</xref>] . The general nature of these excess vibration acoustic vs. optic is quite debated [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref12">12</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref16">16</xref>] . The purpose of the current work is to report experimental observations of three-phase separation from activation energies data analysis and nominally change in the values of U<sub>CRR</sub>/RT<sub>g</sub> in thermal studies by modulating differential scanning calorimetry.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Experimental Details</title><p>Chalcogenide glasses containing S/Se or Te constitute a rich family in combination with group IV elements. Intense research activities based on these glasses are due to technological applications in resistive phase change memory devices. Ge<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>1−x</sub> glasses were prepared by melt quenching technique, preparation details of glasses are mentioned in the article [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref17">17</xref>] . Amorphous nature of the sample was verified by XRD, which shows no crystalline Bragg peaks. Glassy nature of the samples was confirmed by modulated differential scanning calorimetry MDSC (2910, TA Instruments). Glass transition temperature T<sub>g</sub> was determined from the inflexion point of baseline shift in their heat capacity data, obtained at heating scan rate of 5˚C/min, and modulation of &#177;1˚C at 80 sec period [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref18">18</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref19">19</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Results &amp; Discussion</title><p>Structural relaxation at the liquid glass transition has been studied for many years. It is commonly believed that glass transition is just to avoid the crystallization process. Glassy state is an extension of liquid state in which viscosity increases above ~10<sup>13</sup> poise; it means that solid does not flow. Glass transition would then be kinetic in nature, a gradual freezing out of equivalent configurations. The value of glass transition (T<sub>g</sub>) and the shape of specific heat depend on heating and cooling rates of the measurements and also on the thermal history of the sample [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref20">20</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref21">21</xref>] . In general, it has observed with the data, position of glass transition temperature shift towards at high temperature, with high heating rates employed.</p><p>We have made numerous efforts to understand the nature of glass transition and relate T<sub>g</sub> easily to some quantitative quantity which is U<sub>CRR</sub>/RT<sub>g</sub>. In the usual liquid regime above the melting point the isochoric activation energies are very small but the apparent activation energies grow dramatically in the supercooled regime. U<sub>CRR</sub> is the activation energy per basic molecular structural unit at cooperative rearranging region. The concept of cooperative molecular motion is useful to rationalize dramatic changes in the transport properties of liquids as they are cooled towards their glass transition. Mode coupling theory (MCT) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref22">22</xref>] attributes slowing down particle motion at low temperature which eventually causes a structural arrest of the liquid dynamics. However, there has been no direct experimental observation of this kind of cooperative motion. It is natural to suppose that cooperative motion might be associated with dynamical heterogeneity. The intermolecular spatial correlation in the glassy state is determined by the collective rearrangement inside the glass transition zone. Correlation length ζ considered by Adam Gibb’s theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref23">23</xref>] characterizes this cooperative rearranging region in under cooled liquids.&#160; The “Arrhenius” activation energy of the basic molecular species is defined as</p><p><img src="htmlimages\3-1030103x\d75513e6-8911-4316-bae1-763bdc0b19bb.png" /></p><p>U<sub>bms</sub> is identified with the potential barrier formed by the interaction of the molecule with its neighbors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref25">25</xref>] . Microscopically glass former is cooled; the identity and nature of dynamical entity undergo significant changes―from being atomic and fast tunneling, to dipolar/rigid polyhedral slowly liberating molecules to loosely connect molecular-clusters, sluggishly diffusing because of free volume [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.45416-ref26">26</xref>] . This implies a successive collectivization of the basic atomic motion. Therefore, the assumption of single activation energy and time-scale oversimplifies the hierarchically evolving nature of microscopic glass dynamics.</p><p>Non-Arrhenicity ensues from the imperfect de-mixing of a-and β-relaxation modes, implying that the mole-</p><p>cular dynamical units in the glass transition region are not independent (i.e., imprecisely defined). This imprecision gets embodied in the form of Vogel-Fulcher temperature dependence of the (atomic) relaxation time. The Vogel-Fulcher form is sometimes interpreted as super-Arrhenius in following manner <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\3-1030103x\33e3c645-90eb-441b-bc77-00c4d90711be.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>To describe the cooperative molecular dynamics one thus uses three activation energies viz., that of a basic molecular species U<sub>bms</sub> = RB, cooperative unit U<sub>crr</sub> = ZRB, and the apparent one U<sub>app</sub> = Z<sup>2</sup>RB. Activation energies determined for the energetic characterization of Ge<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>1−x</sub> system are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref> against T<sub>g</sub> and the glass fragility m<sub>Angel</sub>. The A-G factor U<sub>crr</sub>/RT<sub>g</sub> seen nominally constant, varies within 34.41 and 36.44! The concurrences <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\3-1030103x\ba015559-7be2-4d5b-ac04-c9242d046ea2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\3-1030103x\37f4994a-b357-41ef-83b0-ede79b90a505.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\3-1030103x\523da21c-fc50-451b-b570-229af42ebe26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>(b) inset) provide (37-U<sub>crr</sub>/RT<sub>g</sub>) as the “energetic measure” of non-Arrhenicity/spatial uniformity.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.45416-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kryshenik</surname><given-names> V.M.</given-names></name>,<name name-style="western"><surname> Ivanitsky</surname><given-names> V.P. and Kovtunenko</given-names></name>,<name name-style="western"><surname> V.S. </surname><given-names>  </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. 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