The standard excess demand argument for existence of competitive equilibriain exchange economies invokes maximizing the value of the excess demand of the economy (the aggregate excess demand) and thereby adjusting the prices toward equilibrium [1] -[3] . At least for pedagogical purpose, one may legitimately interpret the adjustment procedure, often referred to as tatonnement, as that in which a price-setting agency, the so-called Walrasian auctioneer, gathers the information as regards to each agent’s excess demand and then fine-tunes the prices so as to raise the prices of the commodities that are over-demanded (with a positive aggregate excess demand registered) and to lower the prices of the commodities that are under-demanded (with a negative aggregate excess demand registered). It is true that the excess demand function is a very useful device that renders the fixed point theory nicely applicable to the proof of the existence of a market-clear price vector. Such a technical device, powerful though as it is in remarkably simplifying the formulation, nonetheless suggests a centralized coordination mechanism. Exploiting the Perron-Frobenius theorem on stochastic matrices, a well known result in linear algebra, we provide an alternative proof of the existence of a competitive equilibrium without resorting to such an artificial price-setting mechanism. It is worth pointing out that in so doing our argument does not invoke aggregating the individuals’ excess demand, let alone to maximizing the market value of the aggregate excess demand. To the extent that the price-setting agency, as is embodied by the Walrasian auctioneer, personifies the coordination of the decentralized price system, “the invisible hand”, and hence rendering it more or less visible, our approach appears to be conceptually more natural. But a cost of awkwardness in algebraic manipulation has to be paid in our undertaking, compared to the rather neat formulation based on the Walrasian tatonnement. However, such a cost may be well justifiable for an economically appealing argument about the important idea of the invisible hand.

We first restate the classical result on the existence of a competitive equilibrium.

Theorem. For any pure exchange economy with n commodities and m agents, in which each agent has a preference represented by a utility function that is continuous, concave and strongly monotone and an endowment such that the endowment of any commodity for the economy as a whole is positive, i.e., there exists a competitive equilibrium.

Proof. First of all, normalize the endowment of each commodity of the community as one, i.e., , ¹. Consider the price simplex. For any interior point, let. Notice that for any

its i-th component is the percentage share of agent’s wealth spent on commodity i. Monotone preference implies. Convexity of preferences implies that for any agent, is convex at any interior point of. Also note that is upper-semi-continuous by Berge’s maximum theorem. For any, let be the convex hull of the limit points of any possible where the sequence of interior points approaches That is, { and such that and that as }. By definition, is upper-semi-continuous and convex-valued at any ².

Let The sum of each column of F equals

, hence F is a column stochastic matrix. Consequently, the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue of F is one and there exists at least one corresponding eigenvector, i.e., Fq = q [4] .

Consider any sequences such that there exist satisfying

for any k where and that, as WLOG, assume, As is established in the above, is upper-semi-continuous. Hence,. Take the limit on both sides of as where

The correspondence from p to q is closed.

We now prove that, {q(p)} is convex. Consider any two elements in {q(p)} say and i.e., there exist, such that and where For any , we claim that there exist, such that

Note the term in the brackets of LHS of Equation (1) equals

Also notice that the RHS of Equation (1) equals

Substituting the above and (2) into (1) yields,

Since and, there apparently exists, such that

, i.e., (1) holds. That is, for any, {q(p)} is a convex set.

By Kakutani’s theorem, there exists, such that where. We now show that. For otherwise, then by the definition of on, one possibility is that there exist sequences such that

and that, as that is, WLOG, assume but some other components of are zeros. Then we obtain from that for any such that.

Thus for an agent τ endowed with a positive amount of commodity 1 (existence of such agent is guaranteed by the assumption that) for anys such that, an impossibility in light of the strongly monotone preferences. In the case that itself is not a limit point for any sequence of interior price vectors that approaches, but a convex combination of two such limit points, the above application applies to each of these two limit points. Thus, By simple algebraic manipulation one obtains from

that i.e., all markets clear.