1. IntroductionThe concept of graph tenacity was introduced by Cozzens, Moazzami and Stueckle [1] [2] , as a measure of network vulnerability and reliability. Conceptually graph vulnerability relates to the study of graph intactness when some of its elements are removed. The motivation for studying vulnerability measures is derived from design and analysis of networks under hostile environment. Graph tenacity has been an active area of research since the concept was introduced in 1992. Cozzens et al. in [1] , introduced two measures of network vulnerability termed the tenacity, , and the Mix-tenacity, , of a graph.
The tenacity of a graph is defined as
where denotes the order (the number of vertices) of a largest component of and is the number of components of. A set is said to be a -set of if
.
The Mix-tenacity, of a graph is defined as
and turn out to have interesting properties. Following the pioneering work of Cozzens, Moazzami, and Stueckle, [1] [2] , several groups of researchers have investigated tenacity, and its related problems.
In [3] and [4] Piazza et al. used the Mix-tenacity parameter as Edge-tenacity. This parameter is a combination of cutset and the number of vertices of the largest component,. Also this Parameter didn’t seem very satisfactory for Edge-tenacity, Thus Moazzami and Salehian introduced a new measure of vulnerability, the Edge-tenacity, , in [5] .
The Edge-tenacity of a graph is defined as
where denotes the order (the number of edges) of a largest component of.
The concept of tenacity of a graph was introduced in [1] [2] , as a useful measure of the “vulnerability” of. In [6] , we compared integrity, connectivity, binding number, toughness, and tenacity for several classes of graphs. The results suggest that tenacity is the most suitable measure of stability or vulnerability in that for many graphs, and it is the best able to distinguish among graphs that intuitively should have different levels of vulnerability. In [1] [2] [5] -[22] they studied more about this new invariant.
All graphs considered are finite, undirected, loopless and without multiple edges. Throughout the paper will denote a graph with vertex set. Further the minimum degree will be denoted, the maximum degree, connectivity, the shortest cycle or girth and we use to denote the independence number of .
The genus of a graph is the minimal integer such that the graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with handles. Thus, a planar graph has genus 0, because it can be drawn on a sphere without self-crossing. In topological graph theory there are several definitions of the genus of a group. Arthur T. White introduced the following concept. The genus of a group is the minimum genus of a (connected, undirected) Cayley graph for. The graph genus problem is NP-complete.
A graph is toroidal if it can be embedded on the torus. In other words, the graphs vertices can be placed on a torus such that no edges cross. Usually, it is assumed that is also non-planar.
Proposition 1 (a) If is a spanning subgraph of, then.
b), where.
Proposition 2 If is any noncomplete graph,.
Proposition 3 If is a nonempty graph and is the largest integer such that is an induced subgraph of, then.
Corollary 1 a) If is noncomplete and claw-free the.
b) If is a nontrivial tree then.
c) If is r-regular and r-connected then.
The following well-known results on genus will be used.
Proposition 4 If is a connected graph of genus, connectivity, girth, having vertices, edges and regions, then a)
b) [23]
c) [24]
2. Lower BoundIn this section we establish lower bounds on the tenacity of a graph in terms of its connectivity and genus.
We begin by presenting a theorem due to Schmeichel and Bloom.
Theorem 2.1 (Schmeichel and Bloom [25] ) Let G be a graph with genus. If has connectivity, with, then
for all with.
It is now to drive the bounds on the tenacity that we seek.
Theorem 2.2 If is a connected graph of genus and connectivity, then a), if or, and b), if.
Proof. First, note that the inequalities hold trivially if or. So suppose.
First, suppose that. Let be a -set. Then since, by Theorem 2.1 we have
So. Since, and hence. Therefore,
if, we have then
and part (a) is proved.
So suppose. Again, let be a -set in. Then
and thus
and , so
the result follows.
The above bounds is illustrated by a subset of the complete bipartite graph. Let and be integer such that is a multiple of and. Then has connectivity, genus
and tenacity.
2.1. Planar Graphs and the Lower Bound of TenacityWe next investigate the bounds provided above if is a planar or toroidal graph. To this end we require the definition of a Kleetope, , of an embedding of a graph. If is a graph embedded with regions, then is the graph obtained from by, for, inserting a vertex into the interior of and joining to each vertex on the boundary of. Note that the embedding of extends naturally to an embedding of. In particular, if is a plane graph then so is. Kleetopes are sometimes used as examples of graphs with maximum independence number for given genus and connectivity (see [26] ).
The bound in Theorem 2.2a is not sharp for and. But the following examples show that the bound is suitable for and all possible values of. Furthermore, such examples can be obtained with the maximum girth allowed for such connectivity. Note that by proposition 4a, if is the girth,
Example 1a) For the girth can be arbitrarily large. For consider the graph obtained by taking disjoint copies of the path on vertices and identifying the corresponding ends into two vertices. This is a planar graph with tenacity as and girth.
b) For the girth is at most. A generalized Herschel graph is defined as follows. Form a cyclic chain of 4-cycles by taking disjoint 4-cycles, , and identifying and (including and). Then introduce vertices and and make adjacent to each and make adjacent to each. The result is a 3-connected planar graph of girth 4, (see Figure 1). Now, let be obtained by replacing each of the and by dodecahedron as follows. To make notation simpler we explain how to replace a generic node of degree 3 with a dodecahedron. Suppose the outer cycle of is in clockwise order and the neighbors of are and in clockwise order. Then replace and its incident edges by and the edges and. The resulting graph is 3-connected (recall that the dodecahedron is 3-connected), planar, and has girth 5.
Furthermore, for ,
while .
c) If then. Let be a ladder graph with two rails and rungs between them. Rails be with vertices and with vertices. Now make, introduce vertices and and make a adjacent to each and b adjacent to each. is a planar graph with and, (see Figure 2). For,
whereas.
d) if then. For positive integer the graph is defined inductively as follows: is a vertices cycle with in clockwise order and is a vertices cycle with in clockwise order.
Make two edges between and vertices and, then introduce and, make edges and (note that), in Figure 3 you can see a graph with empty cycle vertices as set of and empty rectangle vertices as set of. Suppose that is cut set and, then
whereas .
2.2. Toroidal GraphsWe next consider toroidal graphs in more depth. For we provide graphs with and maximum girth.
Example 2 (a) For and, the family graphs described in Example 1(a) for planar graphs shows that 2-connected graphs can have tenacity arbitrarily close to 1. (Examples specifically with genus 1 can be obtained by adding two edges to, for).
b) For then. The graph, for an even integer has genus 1, connectivity 4, (since, for example, its bipartite and hamiltonian) and girth 4.
c) If then. Consider the following graph where every region is a pentagon: Let and where addition is taken modulo. The graph is shown in Figure 4.
We note that is toroidal with a pentagonal embedding. Let. Then, , .
d) If then. Consider the cubic bipartite “honeycomb” graph on vertices where every region is a hexagon. Then, satisfies and
.
e) If then. Consider any (3-connected) bipartite graph which has partite sets and where every vertex in has degree 3 and every vertex in has degree 6 and is embedded in the torus with every region a quadrilateral. For example,. Such an can also be obtained by modifying the honeycomb graph, depicted in Figure 5 as follows: If the bipartite sets for, are and, then add in each region a new vertex and join it to the three vertices of on the boundary of the region; the new vertices are added to. Now form by taking, and replacing every vertex of degree 3 by a dodecahedron as described in Example 1(b). The resulting graph satisfies, and
.
The graph constructed in Example 2(e) has girth. The lower bound given in Theorem 2.2(b) cannot be obtained if and as is shown next.
Lemma 2.3 If is a graph with and, then.
Proof. Let be a toroidal graph satisfying the hypothesis of the lemma. Then Euler?s formula (or Proposition 4(a)) shows that the graph is 3-regular. So by Corollary 1(c) the tenacity is at least 1.
a graph G in terms of its connectivity 
and genus 
is obtained. The lower bound and interrelationship involving tenacity and other well-known graphical parameters are considered, and another formulation introduced from further bounds are derived.