<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">WJCMP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-6919</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/wjcmp.2014.42008</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">WJCMP-44431</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Theoretical Study of the Interplay of Superconductivity and Magnetism in FeAs Based Superconductors
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>esfin</surname><given-names>A. Afrassa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Poran</surname><given-names>Singh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>mes_my@yahoo.com(EAA)</email>;<email>psinghgbpub@yahoo.com(PS)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>04</volume><issue>02</issue><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>27</day>	<month>February</month>	<year>2014</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day>	<month>March</month>	<year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   <b>The interaction of superconductivity and magnetism is studied in iron based superconductor using the Hamiltonian consisting of the itinerant electrons, localized electrons moment, and s-f interaction. Using Greens function technique and equation of motion method, we have obtained an expressions for superconducting order parameters (△(<em>T</em>), △(0))</b><b> and critical temperature T<sub>C</sub>, which reduce to BCS result in the absence of magnetic interactions. The result of the calculations shows that superconductivity can coexist with magnetism in iron based superconductor below the critical temperature.</b> 
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Superconductivity</kwd><kwd> Magnetism</kwd><kwd> Coexistence</kwd><kwd> Green’s Function</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The discovery of high T<sub>C</sub> iron based superconductor in 2008 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref1">1</xref>] boosts multidirectional investigation from experimental as well as theoretical views. Nowadays, understanding the mechanism of superconductivity in such system is one of the challenging research areas. According to reviews on iron based superconductors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref3">3</xref>] , magnetic interactions are important for understanding the mechanism of superconductivity. Experimental observation and theoretical prediction show that knowing the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism may suggest the possible mechanism of superconductivity.</p><p>The interplay of superconductivity and magnetism has been studied in iron based superconductors theoretically and experimentally [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref5">5</xref>] . Superconductivity could be obtained applying either external pressure or doping. In most iron based superconductors, both electron and hole doping on parent compounds cause superconductivity. Upon doping, for example, potassium doping magnetism gradually disappears with a lowering of the spin density wave transition temperature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref6">6</xref>] . In systems like <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\d0d015a9-0d1e-4e63-9324-e298b68abd15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> magnetism is suppressed by doping before the appearance of superconductivity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref7">7</xref>] . Generally substitution of element in the 122 parent compounds may lead to suppression of spin density wave and eventual appearance of superconductivity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref8">8</xref>] . Some compounds show a coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref9">9</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref11">11</xref>]</p><p>In this work, we are trying to predict the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism on iron based superconductors which can help in explaining experimental observations.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. The Model Hamiltonian</title><p>Our model Hamiltonian is composed of</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6921"><label>, (1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\28ae7e7c-1862-4d20-a8ac-455c829ae714.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where the first term, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\4e22f68d-9788-473f-855a-adc56daf6443.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>In the above pairing Hamiltonian the term</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\33ed2ef3-905b-4939-85e0-cfdcfe12a3a3.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>describes the Hamiltonian of total energy of the itinerant electrons in one electron band approximation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref12">12</xref>] . Here the operators <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\2ed614c8-18f8-4b1a-a906-3f1373ad06aa.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> creates (annihilates) an electron with the wave vector k and the spin projection on z-axis</p><p>σ = ↑ or ↓; <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\aa6b6345-c9a0-4588-a5e4-f9c1b5bb70cd.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is the BCS pair potential. The second term <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\4bd54941-5cee-4255-aef5-0ac037aaaf77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> describes the predominant interaction between the local moment by Heisenberg like model, and we considered only the nearest neighbor interaction. Here J is the nearest neighbor exchange that bridge by the As ions and it could be anti ferromagnetic in nature. The third term <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\afd8c4cd-e9c3-4e42-b7b9-ee0fdb57807b.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> describes the interaction between the spin σ<sub>i</sub> of the itinerant electrons and the five 3d spin S<sub>i</sub> local moment located at site i, where g is the corresponding exchange constant.</p><p>To get an effective interaction we change the momentum term in to boson operator. Diagonalizing the Hamiltonian (H<sub>l</sub>) using Bogoliubov transformation, the canonical form of the Hamiltonian in terms of spin waves,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6922"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\0859296b-c1ee-4114-8384-34acc5cc6c6f.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We obtained the itinerant electrons and localized electrons moment using relations in spin operators like,</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\af6e4ad1-5318-4097-85f7-f1db98debcae.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\bf8fe86d-af67-442f-b4ee-d20be1980697.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\8c8cc703-41ec-44cd-a1d5-99dc1cc9bb63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>;<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\e2ed013d-ba1d-4343-b478-af7b1556e4ef.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>The electrons in the valence band which are interacting with an anti ferromagnetically ordered, localized spin system can be described by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6923"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\d93063f4-0b3b-43dd-a777-43f0eb27f903.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We get an effective Hamiltonian</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6924"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\664e130e-2ec0-4e77-9628-5d5cfa62d6ba.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In order to calculate the superconducting parameter, we first need to obtain equation of motion. In this work we used Greens function equation of motion method. Applying elementary commutation relation we found two equations:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6925"><label>(5a)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\765cd73f-5a8b-4f91-b1e1-fe22dafb5c35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6926"><label>(5b)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\1e35191d-05af-430d-b5fa-61790ac4fce6.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From these we get,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6927"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\1acba55f-4100-48be-b5c2-ad76b4443d5d.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\c08e4391-9312-4c9c-9cee-146224996189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\ef0539fd-3a77-4a9e-8983-57b9b7ce16b2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the abbreviated notation for the Green functions.</p><p>The superconducting order parameter can be expressed as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6928"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\cb034f2f-0c5c-4396-a656-733fbac5437b.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The sum may be changed to integral by introducing the density of state <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\6563d09d-71f7-408b-bf0a-2e58b41aeb11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the above equation becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6929"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\88958769-c680-4dbd-9aaf-5d10fe090f08.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Attractive interaction is effective for the region <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\84e8d8e4-e6fe-4de6-bafe-abef6f30eddc.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and assuming the density of states does not vary over this integral, then the expression becomes,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6930"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\170b0ba4-b109-415a-a13e-dcd4781d1fd4.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Applying Laplaces transform with replacement of ω by Matsubara frequency <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\3003c9a6-a8f9-490c-8b48-24486c37e669.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and using the approximation,</p><p><img src="htmlimages\1-4800235x\b5882372-99a4-41aa-ba20-71216da5c0a4.png" /></p><p>The equation becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6931"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\127c09dc-0acb-49c3-802b-b83401be24a0.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For low temperature the first integral becomes</p><p><img src="htmlimages\1-4800235x\7abf9be0-81b8-477c-b8d6-14b8c59c599e.png" /></p><p>The second integral becomes</p><p><img src="htmlimages\1-4800235x\fe16cae4-1980-471d-9215-7b618f076767.png" /></p><p>Hence,</p><p><img src="htmlimages\1-4800235x\52f63369-16d3-4671-90ed-4fefd3c9ffc9.png" /></p><p>This expression can be rewritten as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6932"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\1e9b00b8-7c59-49ca-90c9-b32dc15a5d17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Result</title><p>From this equation we can get the following important relations.</p><p>1) Superconducting order parameter as a function of temperature</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6933"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\623c589f-f03a-4dca-8915-149c25532b23.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This quantity (∆) is zero at critical temperature T<sub>C</sub>. Substituting ∆ = 0, we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6934"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\aefd8731-d45d-4aef-ae47-a8ab9b9ef52e.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>2) using<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\bf9ac3f9-1b4f-4a30-b60c-e5571366dd8d.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\071c9f4d-8edd-41d3-820d-c94d770d3777.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>we get the well known equation</p><p><img src="htmlimages\1-4800235x\661019e2-b8a5-4c42-ac94-7006dc3c3cd2.png" /></p><p>Or</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6935"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\ac82a3d7-b7a2-4bd3-ab2e-7dce4dfaa2c0.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>3) Equation (9) can be written as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6936"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\5ca79a17-784c-4915-8818-fef6df1d0bd8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>As T → 0, and β → 0, gives</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6937"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\820e715e-071c-456a-b3f4-c73d692b6a09.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Applying standard integrals and approximation for x =1, and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\1-4800235x\f377bc0a-beeb-4a6e-ae4e-38549a220419.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.44431-formula6938"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\1-4800235x\8cb24d54-bf48-4a0b-a331-739514607a5f.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>Equation (13) is clearly in agreement with the fact that as the net magnetization increases, the induction of superconductivity decreases. In addition to this, in the absence of magnetic term, Equation (13) reduces to the well known BCS expression.</p><p>The results clearly show that superconductivity can coexist with magnetism in iron based superconductor below the critical temperature. Experimental findings show the coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism in some range of doping in some compounds [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref9">9</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.44431-ref11">11</xref>] . 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