<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JQIS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Quantum Information Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2162-5751</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jqis.2014.41004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JQIS-43551</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Entanglement Quantifier Based on Atomic Wehrl Entropy for Non-Linear Interaction between a Single Two-Level Atom and SU(1,1) Quantum System
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>ayed</surname><given-names>Abdel-Khalek</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Manal</surname><given-names>Al-Quthami</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>M. A. Ahmed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, KSA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>mabdel_K@ictp.it(AA)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>04</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>11</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2014</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day>	<month>February</month>	<year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   In this paper, we study the dynamics of the atomic inversion, scaled atomic Wehrl entropy and marginal atomic Wehrl density for a single two-level atom interacting with SU(1,1) quantum system. We obtain the expectation values of the atomic variables using specific initial conditions. We examine the effects of different parameters on the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy and marginal atomic Wehrl density. We observe an interesting monotonic relation between the different physical quantities for different values of the initial atomic position and detuning parameter.  
     
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Scaled Atomic Wehrl Entropy; Atomic Q-Function; Atomic Inversion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Quantum entropy, is considered the main generalization of the Boltzmann classical entropy, proposed by von Neumann [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref1">1</xref>] . It has been applied, as a measure to many aspects in quantum information processing such as quantum entanglement, photocount statistics, quantum decoherence, quantum optical correlations, purity of the quantum states, accessible information in quantum measurement. The quantification of entanglement is necessary to understand and develop the quantum information theory. For this reason different entanglement measures have been used for the mixed and pure states such as concurrence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref2">2</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref5">5</xref>] , entanglement of formation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref7">7</xref>] , and negativity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref3">3</xref>] . In this way, the concurrence and negativity are used as a good entanglement measure for mixed state, but the von Neumann entropy has been proposed for pure state entanglement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref1">1</xref>] , all these measures to test whether a given quantum state is separable or entangled. Also, some interesting physical phenomenon is observed as a result of entanglement measure, such as “entanglement sudden death” (ESD), entanglement sudden birth (ESB) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref8">8</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref14">14</xref>] .</p><p>The Wehrl entropy (WE) is more sensitive in distinguishing states than the von Neumann entropy since WE is a state dependent [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref15">15</xref>] . The concept of the Wehrl phase distribution (WPD) has been developed and shown that it serves as a measure of both noise (phase-space uncertainty) and phase randomization [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref16">16</xref>] . Furthermore, the WE has been applied to some dynamical systems, too. In this respect, the time evolution of the field WE for the Kerr-like medium has been discussed in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref17">17</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref18">18</xref>] showing that the FWE gives a clear signature for the formation of finite superposition of coherent states (cat-like states) as well as the number of coherent components taking part in the superposition. For the trapped ion system the WE gives an information on the dynamical properties and entanglement of the system [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref19">19</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref20">20</xref>] . On the other hand some features of WE and WPD of a singleCooper pair box placed inside a dissipative cavity have been discussed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref21">21</xref>] . It is shown that phase damping leads to generating long living correlation of the system.</p><p>Different entanglement measures and quantifiers for mixed and pure states have been proposed, such as the negativity and atomic Wehrl entropy. The relation between mixed state entanglement and the atomic Wehrl entropy (AWE) has not been studied widely. However, there are some attempts to quantify the pure state entanglement by using AWE. In this context, the entanglement evaluation with AWE and atomic Fisher information has been investigated [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref22">22</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref23">23</xref>] . It has been found that entanglement of a two-level atom can be measured by AWE and their marginal distribution. On the other hand, atomic Wehrl entropy was used as an entanglement measure for a mixed state two-level system in the presence of intrinsic decoherence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref24">24</xref>] . It found that the information about entanglement is obtained by comparing the results for the atomic Wehrl entropy and negativity with the analytical results for a simple case.</p><p>Realistic quantum systems are not closed, which causes the rapid destruction of crucial quantum properties. Therefore, the unavoidable interaction between a quantum system, understanding the dynamics of entanglement measures and finding the correlation between different phenomenons may stimulate great interest. In the present article, our main interest is to investigate the evolution of the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy (AWE) of a single two-level atom and SU(1,1) quantum system in the presence of detuning parameter, which leads us to address the question: Can the AWE be used as a indicator of the entanglement and dynamical properties of the system in the presence of non-linear terms?</p><p>The article is organized as follows: In Section 2, we introduce the model of the single two-level and SU(1,1) quantum system in the presence of detuning parameter. The definitions of the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy, atomic inversion and marginal atomic Wehrl density are introduced in Section 3. We conclude the main results with some remarks in Section 4.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. The System Hamiltonian</title><p>The Hamiltonian which describe the interaction between a single two-level atom and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\85cd3f49-a4c5-4760-bbc7-cd26263b22ce.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> quantum system take the following form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91186"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\6e475e4b-d5aa-4d9e-ac71-6b40a4928311.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\9ad6a97d-3af6-42be-8648-06837736fb85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the frequency of the system, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\c67bbb73-3aef-414c-872d-3a5d0eece770.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is the energy and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\7558ce8b-eb2b-4304-b7c4-9887486b3471.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are elements of the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\de27c6c7-659b-4906-ad80-2e5b7ecb1598.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> group obeying the following commutation relation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91187"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\557b2d7a-392a-4655-a978-ae2fddf09d7b.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>while <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\fd7f992c-80d8-45cb-b06a-588741b5ca6f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\ec374d80-c7a7-4bec-a2dc-8bb442ddf630.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> satisfy the following commutation relation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91188"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\02349674-0f21-4567-8e98-641f29f94254.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The Heisenberg equation of motion for any operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\98e62973-189d-46f6-88f2-8649aaeec08a.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91189"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\1fd63e22-695f-4929-8790-4ac1d1e5d3b2.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>thus, the equations of motion for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\1db5bdcf-37e8-4e45-bf70-9538605b988f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\730248f1-bfe1-4311-a40e-3e59f1718ce6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91190"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\8265f594-e0b9-4cd3-9a0d-620d6d8f5787.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91191"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\131c64de-77dd-410c-a50d-d4111417f063.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91192"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\c15d6f8b-9612-48ea-845b-788254de0ee6.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91193"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\a5826dc7-fdf4-4a02-997e-78ba606bcb91.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91194"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\b333783b-f292-48e2-8ffa-d004ef150f96.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>then</p><p><img src="htmlimages\4-1300097x\c2b55331-3bfe-4532-a768-4cac36c94e1a.png" /></p><p>In this case, we have<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\1245e8e8-7218-47ac-a200-9b0257924952.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\fcc4ccd1-6cb2-4ce4-8710-44af2221980b.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are constant of motion. Therefore, the Hamiltonian takes the following form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91195"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\0dcab2ed-0088-4079-af29-77c419b19dd9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\e28cf722-0297-4380-864b-7fb8b843293e.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> with<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\64454cc5-7074-442a-9836-8a4d11827638.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We note that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\08d0d28c-2d2e-4fdc-b6e7-bfe57b6aa3fe.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\f91af36d-809b-45a4-946a-b889279819a4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\a49493dd-5cd1-40c4-ada1-d708f873e1a2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\ee34454d-8357-46a0-81e7-a2aa6ea09f6f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are constants of motion, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\2fbfd064-a974-41a8-8635-b1f7e3f47cdc.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the time evolution operator is defined</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91196"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\c703144f-f2e3-4c93-a0b4-d4a980ced289.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>thus</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91197"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\fa32e57c-7f00-427c-9e5e-bf7cc6537328.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91198"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\9b2dacba-3ef0-4396-9e25-648b8031a242.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91199"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\9bace867-f597-4073-a412-784807d1a205.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91200"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\4ee12200-c0cd-4ed7-952e-40c57301a4e1.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91201"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\8682e107-cc51-4aae-8e63-ba2e89a8b967.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we note that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91202"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\4635da3a-3587-4e76-bff0-1c2a269f2506.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>also</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91203"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\28ddfde1-2edd-41ec-a51c-0f7234c6c978.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91204"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\982e5c4b-2a39-4f68-a273-8222e6d94d30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91205"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\b9747e94-a813-4b19-b781-96d4c57a07a1.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91206"><label>(21)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\f7466ffd-2a6a-4e84-a1ec-63a524430d9b.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91207"><label>(22)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\9df481bc-a712-4c5e-8b3a-557af1aba29d.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for simplicity we can write</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91208"><label>(23)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\543a45cc-f776-491a-95dd-f7ab2d0d08eb.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91209"><label>(24)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\72839db3-03ae-4c4e-8e0e-829aa176ca7b.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The time evolution for the expectation value of any operator can be calculate through the following relation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91210"><label>(25)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\579b1c3f-ef9f-4e02-af6f-c3c2889efe85.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now the initial state of the system can be written as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91211"><label>(26)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\dd34a817-04e7-405a-8122-3b90414b8de9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91212"><label>(27)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\99191193-af1b-44bf-a35e-563c49a3b05d.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91213"><label>(28)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\78979f7e-0cbc-4fb7-9746-ca77faa9a1c8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Substituting from Equation (26) in Equation (28), then the final form of the wave function can be written as</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91214"><label>(29)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\f6a7002d-3697-4339-842f-61e7b6f64661.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then the wave function can be written in the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91215"><label>(30)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\5c7f6b56-f5c8-428e-bc26-54f3ee68e2fc.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and consequently the density matrix <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\a98045ad-ead1-4ecd-8d3c-2524eedce239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91216"><label>(31)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\9cfae4bc-69a6-436b-bb52-02c0631eeaa3.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91217"><label>(32)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\b37c2449-ad19-43b9-a293-c1625af6ea21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91218"><label>(33)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\3cfc4896-3be9-4ec7-b93d-e167006603f7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Thus the expectation value for any operator can be calculated through</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91219"><label>(34)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\2b4ce8ac-d1a3-49bd-b9bd-7654aa4a1d5f.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\6937beaf-ed36-4903-95f4-b7bddb5b4d78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\68120195-7fcd-4328-9ee6-ce1eb4a6a3d7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are defined by Equations (26) and (30). With the help of Equations (32), (34), the expectation values for the atomic operators<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\2985bf38-9e4d-48bb-98c7-3272d0f89a31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\bb731e7b-4376-40a6-a9f7-46358ac75719.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\1a26b36b-7461-44c6-a507-db218442b0ea.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91220"><label>(35)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\72bf9615-a1ce-4ad5-bd34-25adb8d3cfe0.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91221"><label>(36)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\793f2f3b-d3c0-45ff-b5af-9ac479bf1b84.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91222"><label>(37)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\76fce767-979d-429a-b59c-020711b1f808.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Where we have used the abbreviations</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91223"><label>(38)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\16fa2a48-a41a-4f3a-9fb7-35533e7a29e4.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Scaled Atomic Wehrl Entropy and Marginal Atomic Q-Function</title><p>In this section, we will use the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy as an entanglement quantifier between single two level atom and SU(1,1) quantum system.</p><p>The scaled atomic Wehrl entropy can be written in terms of the atomic Q function as [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref26">26</xref>] :</p><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;(39)</p><p>In the above equation <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\82492333-175a-414f-98b7-9a7e99d29e34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the atomic Wehrl density and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\42faa73a-80b9-42c9-a59b-94bf5006645f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the atomic <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\7f51af47-b5d7-4bc7-9618-dd5761d5e9f9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-function which is defined as [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref27">27</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.43551-ref28">28</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91224"><label>(40)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\048d7e38-680b-4461-b432-1c8fd48bb9cc.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\88dd4da9-3067-490f-a538-7228557dc56c.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the reduced density of the atom and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\d85e7a74-7c2f-4a27-b686-abaa21d3456a.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the atomic coherent state which is defined in the following form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91225"><label>(41)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\36aef00f-0853-4894-95e7-e5a8b6e2ec13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\cd85a6ea-f94d-45c8-ae60-48efc893ea17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\97532b54-1c57-4456-bec6-3cd24dbcfac4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the atomic phase space parameters. Then the atomic <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\d237acd4-225b-4c19-a69a-ffb076b16d41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-function can be written in terms of the expectation values of the atomic variables<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\7c5cd240-5779-46f3-ac30-dc4cd89c00df.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\b1a6e7bc-b511-4417-8d17-04400b69ad6f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\f5005108-6939-4ced-85cf-59d3d2c5cc95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91226"><label>(42)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\13f8ac0d-5b31-42c6-b898-3917dad6d642.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>It is worth noting that from the definition (39) the<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\9c1ce91f-243f-43ae-a406-3232ca0b2224.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, cannot be negative as a result of the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\361724f0-35fd-4b90-a2bf-a93e3311e4f2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a non-negative function. As it is generally difficult to find a closed form for the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\76a1f458-93c1-4e67-a67c-c31b6e5ceeae.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> numerical techniques have to be used. Nevertheless, at particular values of the interaction parameters the exact form can be obtained. The shifted (scaled) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\ff65819c-522c-4ccf-ad12-6cf109911676.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>satisfies the following inequality</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91227"><label>(43)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\70cb37e0-ee1a-45ba-b153-0cb9f6ac5289.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>By integrating the atomic Wehrl density <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\fc7e85b1-7c11-4780-9976-2326a6d56dfd.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> over the atomic variable<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\bfec2670-caa4-446e-9959-cf50ee6a10a7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we obtain the marginal atomic Wehrl density as follows</p><disp-formula id="scirp.43551-formula91228"><label>(44)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="htmlimages\4-1300097x\d67112e9-a974-46dd-84f1-a2db38b076bc.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Some Statistical Aspects</title><p>In this section, we discuss and present some statistical aspects such as the atomic inversion<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\7f12c5fb-b09f-4ae5-9bdc-257dfea6b7e3.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, scaled atomic Wehrl entropy <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\32bb4a9d-f52e-44e9-9105-8bf2a42ac16a.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and marginal atomic Wehrl density<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\fc78b2ac-5922-4122-8deb-1559e0774285.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We have considered the time has been scaled “one the unit of time is given be the inverse of the coupling constant<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\4f8e929b-7753-404d-814b-980ba5f1d4e2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>”.</p><p>The atomic inversion of the atom is one of the important atomic dynamic variables of the system. This in fact would give us information about the behavior of the atom state during interaction time. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>, we have plotted the dynamical behavior for different values of the involved parameters. We concentrate on the variation of the initial atomic position <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\48c5df25-e506-4f68-b7af-8d9373930438.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> from the excited state, i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\a151d9ac-62c6-4268-bb29-6a185a112b19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>to the superposition state, i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\3557d4fb-302b-47d5-a990-be0563836efa.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>as well as on the excitation number<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\158464b0-5b04-4867-b801-b8754b35a088.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, which is in analogy with the usual Jaynes-Cummings model, corresponding to the number of photons. Firstly, we consider that the system is initially in the excited state <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\45e3e259-2e6e-4c38-9c69-300653eb8c79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the absence of the detuning parameter<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\fb15ec97-64e7-455c-b150-bf619d5bc7d7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. It is observed that the atomic population inversion has a regular and periodic oscillation where the amplitude of oscillation is decreased when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\3fe9c1fe-3bc9-4024-81c0-b68b9d348de9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>(c)). Figures 1(b), (d) depict the effect of the superposition state (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\ac88f9d8-bcd4-4d2e-9a2d-25dc0d002a18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), where the amplitude of oscillations is very small when the detuning parameter is taken into consideration (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>(d)).</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> depicts the dynamical behavior of the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\cf821cea-30f2-4d74-89a1-31f31be9acd1.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for different values of detuning parameter and initial atomic position when the phase shift between the two levels is neglected and the excitation number is taken to be the unity. From <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>(a), one can infer that before the interaction the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy is equal to zero and information about energy levels is not available. This implies that entanglement cannot be performed before the interaction is switched on. As the scaled time goes on, one see that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\b512c02e-d2bb-48a4-a456-4ff8d2bdb2f5.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is growing and reaches a local maximum value but after a sometime interaction the difference between local maximum and local minimum becomes bigger. The system returns on its separable state (i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\c891775e-d7c5-4567-be6d-1db939d2d44b.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\ac178455-1ae5-4c91-90e2-7e737587ba5c.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\a7833da5-99e3-4222-a80a-b829d9b8da3a.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The high amount of entanglement is achieved around the half of periodic time at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\5d710704-3ddf-4011-afde-50199c325d12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The amplitude of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\899bbde2-29db-41ae-9642-423b1e938f64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is decrees which means that the case of weak entanglement between the two-level atom and input field when the effect of the detuning parameter is taken into account (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>(c)). It is observed that the dynamical behavior of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\d39a2349-1a86-4b7a-8301-4be7da6a475f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is completely changed when the two-level atom starts the interaction from the superposition state<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\444c0e0f-e225-40aa-ab0d-5f30672173f4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. In general one can see that the high amount of entanglement is achieved during the time evolution in the comparison with the upper state case<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\6a344ac1-57da-4389-8a58-53e9180a99a2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. On the other hand <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\0c03a577-5240-4e43-b3eb-65abde0a49e4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is dropped to zero at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\c3868742-3b67-49c5-bb74-de66d1065011.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Finally,  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>(d) presents the influence of the detuning parameter on the evolution of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\2a14543e-a875-4a36-9ba0-5c897f15496c.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> when the initial atomic position<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\87bf5a5e-02d0-404a-8fc2-fd442fdf237f.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Now we are in a position to discuss the evolution of the marginal atomic Wehrl density <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\f45a1dc9-e0aa-4812-8115-f8510a044b9d.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as a function of the time and atomic phase space parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\ef067167-0b2d-4c10-862a-a814e56a98e6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for different values of initial state setting and detuning parameter. It is interesting to mention here that the behavior of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\a33f8e33-e59a-45b4-9ec1-54fe8ac7b86a.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for different values of the non-fluctuating components of Rabi frequency. It is observed that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\9b6f7213-a2dc-478a-948b-3df1418dae78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> oscillates between minimum and maximum peaks during the time evolution. The distribution of the marginal atomic Wehrl density peaks in depending the initial state setting of the two-level atom when the effect detuning parameter is neglected. The behavior of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\3c1ac925-1e75-4194-9ffb-cafaa361a734.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> peaks becomes regular and periodic when the effect of the detuning parameter is considered. In this case there the initial state setting has weak effect on the dynamical behavior of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="tmlimages\4-1300097x\e444f73b-74e3-45a2-8f84-4a469d838ec1.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Conclusion</title><p>Quantum entanglement is a key resource which distinguishes quantum information theory from classical one. It plays a central role in quantum information and computation. In this paper, we have discussed the problem of the interaction between two-level atom and SU(1,1) quantum system. The model was considered when the twolevel atom is initially in superposition state and the expectation values of the atomic variable are obtained</p><p>analytically. Using the scaled atomic Wehrl entropy the system entanglement has been investigated. The analysis herein has been carried out at two distinct considerations of the detuning parameter and initial atomic state setting. Our results show that the SU(1,1) quantum field-atom interaction considering the effect of the initial state setting and detuning parameter has much richer structure. The initial atomic state position and detuning parameter has an important role on the dynamics of the atomic inversion, scaled atomic Wehrl entropy and marginal atomic Wehrl density.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.43551-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">von Neumann, J. (1955) Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. rinceton University Press, Princeton.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.43551-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Berrada, K., Fanchini, F. and Abdel-Khalek, S. 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