Due to the limited communication range of WSN, the sensor is unable to establish direct connection to the data collection station, therefore the collaborative work of nodes is highly necessary. The data routing is one of the most fundamental processes exploring how to transmit data from the sensing field to the data collection station via the least possible number of intermediate nodes. This paper addresses the problem of data routing based on the sensors grouping; it provides a deep insight on how to divide the sensors of a network into separate independent groups, and how to organize these independent groups in order to make them work collaboratively and accomplish the process of data routing within the network.
WSN; WSN Routing; Sensors Groups; Groups Routing1. Introduction
Wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensors depending on the applications’ demands [1-3]. The primary function of these devices is to monitor a natural phenomenon, an environmental phenomenon, or more complicated applications in either medical field or military sphere [1,3]. Sensors are battery-powered devices having a limited lifetime, restricted sensing range, and narrow communication range [4]. The entire shortcomings in sensor networks drive the researchers to develop viable solutions [5,6]. One of the main design aims of WSNs is to transfer data communication while trying to extend the lifetime of the network and avoid connectivity degradation by employing aggressive energy management techniques [7-9].
Due to the limited range of communication, ensuring the direct connection between a sensor and the base station may make the nodes transmit their messages with such a high power that their resources could be quickly depleted. Thus, the collaboration of nodes ensures the communication between distant nodes and base station. In this method, intermediate nodes transmit messages so that a path with multiple links or hops to the base station is established [10-12].
Collaborative work between sensors requires an intelligent organization to transmit information from the sensing field to the base station in order to save energy resources of the network. Because of the insignificant computational capability and the lack of energy sources, the Flooding algorithms are not a proper solution for routing of WSN application [13-15]. The flooding algorithms broadcast the data to all overlapped nodes to the extent that cause an implosion and some nodes redundantly receive multiple copies of the same message. Gossiping algorithm comes with a better performance, avoiding implosion as the sensor and sending the message to a selected neighbor instead of informing all of its neighbors. However, it is still not the proper solution [1,13].
In this paper, we will show an intelligent adaptive solution for data routing so that no node will receive multiple copies of the same message, and there would be no need for Flooding or Gossiping. Our solution here dynamically builds multiple alternative paths. With an adaptive routing, when the sensor has to forward a packet towards the base station, it can choose the path to use from a set of alternative paths. This selection can be done upon the state of each group’s leader (busy or free).
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the grouping theory, and a combinatorial computing for intersection areas and intersection points of overlapped sensors. Section 3 describes an algorithm of grouping sensors. In Section 4, we will show an algorithm to manage the wireless sensor network routing. In Section 5, we have shown the evaluation of performance.
2. Sensors Grouping Scheme
Before we starting the routing algorithm we proposed, we would explain what a group of sensors is.
Two sensors creates three regions if they overlapped see Figure 1. The function is expressing the created regions. For convenient, we will express the created regions by. The symbol denotes to the number of created regions. For example. Each region of has a coverage degree. The symbol denotes the coverage degree.
The symbol denotes the set of sensors covered the region.
.
A group of k sensors
.
For example,
.
In [16], the authors provided an analysis about grouping strategy of WSN. We will used this idea to divide the WSN into groups and then organize these groups in order to facilitate the routing process. This grouping scheme is not useful if the sensors moving quickly.
3. Sensors Grouping Algorithm
In this section, we will provide recursive algorithm to divide the overloaded sensors in to separated groups. A deep explanation is provided in Appendix. We will start by define the terms to be used in our algorithm.
3.1. Definitions
Group of Sensors: is a set of sensors that are overlapped while covering the same region in the sensing field.
In the this paper, we will use the notation to
indicate the sensor overlapped with sensor. More precisely, covered the same region. The group of sensors is an object containing the members shown below.
ClassSensorGroup
{
intGroupID { get; set; }
intGroupLength { get; set; }
stringGroupMembersString { get; set; }
stringGroupingMethod { get; set; }
List GroupMember{ get; set;}
}
Vector of a Sensor: is a set of sensors, which are overlapped with the sensor si.
Each sensor in the network has a vector. Some of the sensors inside the network have the same vector. The vector is an object:
class Vector
{
intSensorID { get; set; }
int Length { get; set; }
stringSensorsOverlappingString { get; set; }
List Sensors { get; set; }
Ellipse SensorBody{ get; set; }
Sensor Sensor{ get; set; }
}
Direct Group: is a group of sensors that fully matches a vector in the network.
Indirect Group: is a Hybrid and collected group of sensors by processing multiple vectors.
Matched Direct Groups of a Vector: The sensors in ungrouped vectors are not fully matched with any direct group, but they can matched some sensors in multiple direct groups, some sensors of ungrouped vectors might not be matched with any sensors in the directed groups.
Suppose an ungrouped vector:
A list of direct groups:
Each group contain a number of sensors
.
The matched group:
Remnant Sensors: remnant sensors are those sensors in ungrouped vectors that do not matches any sensor in direct group.
Solid Vector: The solid vector is the union of remnant sensors of each ungrouped vectors.
Filtered Vectors: By finding the solid vector, we can exclude all the sensors directly grouped already and also find the sensors that are not grouped yet. For each ungrouped vector,
3.2. System Model
The wireless sensor network is a list of vectors collected by all sensors in the field. The network of n sensors is represented by a square matrix.
To facilitate the calculations, assume that the numerical value of sensors in the matrix is either 1 or 0 as below.
We can find the maximum coverage degree areas by partitioning into square sub-matrices , such as the value of each sensor of sub-matrix as well as the sub-matrix contain the maximum possible number of rows and columns. Each sub-matrix should match a group of sensors. For example, the network in Figure 2 is partitioned into five square sub-matrices shown as below.
We can see that each group of overlapped sensors is a square matrix, and the value of each element of the matrices is 1. Simply, we just find out the square matrices with the following conditions: The maximum possible number of rows and columns should be alighted together and the value of each element is 1. Suppose that each sensor in the field sends a vector to the base station, all vectors create the. Let be the number of sensors of. In addition to that, let R be the number of repetition of in. The first step of this algorithm is to find the sensors overlapping relations based on their distance; each sensor has a vector of sensors. The second step is to sort these vectors according to the number of sensors within.
3.3. Groups Algorithm
Finding a group of sensors indirectly can be manipulated by dividing ungrouped vectors into smaller vectors so that the sensors that are directly grouped already are not needed. To do so, we can follow the steps below:
1) Find ungrouped vectors by comparing the direct groups and the network vectors list (GetUnGroupedVectors).
2) Find the matching direct groups associated to ungrouped vectors (GetMatchingGroupsForVector
).
3) Find the solid vector, which contains the remnant sensors of ungrouped vectors list (GetSolidVector
).
4) Filter ungrouped vectors according to the solid vector (FilterUnGroupedVectorsAccordingtoSolidVector
).
5) Extract new groups from filtered ungrouped vectors by calling the method of finding the direct groups (GetDirectGroups).
6) Repeat the steps from step 1 to step 5 recursively until no new groups are found (Algorithm 1).
Recursive algorithms solve the problem by solving smaller versions of the same. The smaller versions of ungrouped vectors are about half the size of the original vectors. The algorithm can be referred to as a “divide and conquer” algorithm. Say that we have (n) of original vectors, the time needed to extract (g) direct groups is. However, not all vectors are able to be directly grouped. For ungrouped vectors, there will be (n-g) vectors. The recursive time needed is:
The analysis depends on the preparation work to divide the input, the size of the ungrouped vectors, the number of recursive calls and the concluding work to combine the results of the recursive calls.
g is the number of extracted groups of each recursive call.
4. Routing Basing on Group of Sensors4.1. Sensors Graph
The routing algorithm is started by dividing the wireless sensors network to independent groups (explained in Subsection 3.3). Each group is comprised of a certain number of sensors. A Sensor may belong to more than one group. If a sensor belongs to group A and belongs to group B, we say there is a link between group A and B, and we call this sensor by coordinator or the group leader. Each group contains one or more leaders.
The graph of sensor network consists of a finite nonempty set V of groups called vertices and a set E of 2-elements of V called edges. In the graph theory, the notation V(G) is the set of vertex and E(G) is a set of edges. Using the idea of graph theory, we can say that each vertex is represented by a group of sensors. The leader of the group is represented with an edge. As long as the graph is connected, there will be a path from the source node connecting the base station, hence the packet must be reaching the sink node. Here we assume that connectivity and coverage of network are managed well.
The graph in Figure 2 can be represented mathematically by
,
The degree d(v) of a vertex V is its number of incident edges. Any two groups have an incident edges called to be neighbor groups. Each group has at least one neighbor otherwise the network is disconnected. Let is the neighbor groups of g for instance in Figure 2,.
The distance between the source node and the sink node is an important parameter to control and improve the performance of packet forwarding in the overall network. Considering the power consumption, the nearest nodes to the sink could save more power by building a shorter path with a minimum number of hops. Since our algorithm is based on grouping, we need to define the term of grouping distance, the distance of group is the least distance among sensors inside the group to the base station. Should we denote to the distance between sensor s1 and the base station by. In Figure 2,
.
We assumed each that group is taking into account the information of its neighbor groups’ distance. With adaptive routing, when a source group has to forward a packet towards a particular group, it can choose the leader sensor to use from a set of alternative leaders associated to the group. This selection can be done upon two conditions: the first condition is the current state of the leader (busy or free) and therefore, the busy leaders are skipped. The second condition is the least distance to the base station and therefore, the nearest group to base station can be selected.
4.2. Finding Leaders
The Leader sensor acts as direct link among its associated groups. It can keep forwarding the data packet to all groups it belongs to. Straightforwardly, we can list the leaders by the simple algorithm below (Algorithm 2).
4.3. Selecting the Leader
Each group has a set of neighbors and a set of leaders. When a packet has been forwarded to a group, the group should know well its leaders and neighbors and therefore make the decision of packet routing to the next hop. In Output: Leaders Find
the source group, there are one or more leaders connecting to one or more neighbors.
Multiple leaders in the source node might link a single neighbor. In addition, the leader might connect to multiple neighbors. Thus, after selecting the nearest neighbor group, we must ensure that the connecting leader is free, otherwise, the packet cannot be forwarded via this leader. If the leader is busy, then the packet must be forwarded to the second nearest neighbor. If there is only one leader in the source node, the packet should be delayed until the leader becomes free.
The selection process of the leader is running simply by choosing the nearest neighbor and checking the availability of the leader connected to this neighbor. If the leader is free, then this is the adaptive channel to forward the data. There will be more than one adaptive channel when there are more than one leaders (parallel leaders) connected to nearest neighbor. If the current state of all parallel leaders is busy, then there will be two ways to deal with: the first way, the packet should wait until one of the parallel leaders becomes free. However, this is not respectable in case the application’s demand is a real time stream of monitoring. The second way: if the source node contains other leaders connecting to other neighbors, the packet can be forwarded to any other neighbor. However, this might lead to an increment of the number of routing hops, hence might maximize the usage of energy in the overall network, this might lead to the death of a sensor. If there is only one neighbor associated to the group and all leaders are busy, then the first way is obligatory. In case of all parallel leaders are free, any leader election algorithm can be applied to manage the selection of the leader.
Leaders in the same group are called partners. Moreover, if more than one leader is connected to the same neighbor group, they are called twin leaders. A set of leaders in a group can be partners or twins, neighbors can determine this. For example, in Figure 2, group 5 contains three elements, three of them are leaders, and thus leaders are twins. If a leader connected to more than one neighborgroup is called identical leader, for example, and are identical Leaders.
In Method 1, the input is the source node (SensorGroupSourceGroup), and a list of neighbors associated to the source node (List Neighbors), on the other hand, the output is the selected leader. This way, first, the nearest neighbor is selected, and then we should find the leaders of the source node, which are connected to the selected neighbor. The forwarding decision of packets is deterministic and adaptive in each source group ( Algorithm 3).
4.4. Numerical Example
As shown in Figure 2, (a) sensors are deployed in the field. Say, sensor (3) detects a target. Here we assume that all leaders are free. The packet routing from sensor (3) to the station is going according to the steps below (see Figure 3). The source groups (G1) have one neighbor and one leader, forwarding data towards group (G4) via sensor (7) obligatory. When the packets arrived to (G4), it has four leaders and three neighbors, the min group distance is to (G3), hence the next hop is (G3) via sensor (4). After the packet has arrived to (G3), this Input: a group of sensors, and a list of Neighbor groups.
group (5) leaders and three neighbors, the min group distance is to (G2), Thus, the next hop is (G2) via sensor (2).
5. Performance Evaluation
In this section, we will evaluate the impact on network performance of the proposed routing algorithm. For this purpose, we have developed a detailed simulator that allows us to estimate the network performance, power consumption, and the number of hops. The results are shown in the Figures 4-6.
Counting the Average Number of Hops
The number of hops depends on the number of groups. Say we have n nodes deployed randomly in the sensing field, and want to compute the number of possible groups that can be generated. A pattern of groups is a deployment way for sensors groups such that all sensors in the group are connected. Let’s start by a simple example with n = 4. As shown in Table 1 and Figure 7, there are four grouping patterns.
Let us denote to the pattern by and to the number of hops of each pattern by.
The expression of patterns can be written as:
Easily we can see the patterns of four sensors are:
For five sensors, there will be eight patterns.
Let us donate to the number of pattern by. For n sensors, there will be patterns.
The number of hops is changed according to patterns. Let be the sum of hops of all patterns. For example, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 7, it is easy to find that the average number of hops is
In the second experiment, there are 10,000 nodes deployed in different coverage degree. Say we have N sensors deployed randomly. Let us say that the degree of network coverage is C, the complexity of algorithm (See Figure 6).
6. Conclusion
We have proposed an algorithm where the source group forwards a packet to one neighbor only and there is no need of flooding or forwarding packets to all neighbors. The grouping adaptive routing saves more power therefore, ends up maximizing the lifetime of the wireless sensor network.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Science Technology Major Project and the China Scholarship Council for their supports.
REFERENCESAppendixListing of Vectors
According to Method 1, GetVectorsList, the input is a list of sensors deployed in the sensing field. The output is a list of vectors. The main procedure here is to find the overlapped sensors with the required sensor. Each sensor si finds the overlapping list of sensors and sends it to the base station where the square matrix of network A* is built. The algorithm for finding the groups will run in the base station. In case the grouping process run internally in the local node, each node send its vector to the adjacent node only. Here we suppose the grouping process will run externally.
Direct Grouping
In the Method 2, GetDirectGroups, the input of algorithm is a list of vectors of all sensors deployed in the field. The output is a list of direct groups extracted from the list of vectors.
Ungrouped Vectors
For each vector in the network list, if not matched any entry in the direct groups list, then it considered as ungrouped vector.
.
In the Method 3, GetUnGroupedVectors, the inputs are a list of the network vectors and the direct groups. Therefore, we just find those vectors, which are not grouped yet.
Finding the Matching Direct Groups of a Vector
In the Method 4, GetMatchingGroupsForVector, the input is a list of direct groups and is a list of ungrouped vectors. The output is a list of the direct groups which matched the ungrouped vectors. For each ungrouped vector, we will find the matching direct groups by dividing the ungrouped vectors into smaller vectors. Each ungrouped vector might match multiple direct groups.
Remnant Sensors
In the Method 5, RemnantSensors, the inputs are, a list of matched groups, and, ungrouped vector. The output is a list of remnant sensors. The first step is to find the union of matching direct groups associated with the ungrouped vector, and to list them in (unionMembersOfGroup), then find the interaction of (unionMembersOfGroup) with the vector’s sensors.
Solid Vector
Most of the sensors in the solid vector do not exist in the direct groups. This vector runs as a filter for ungrouped vector, and only those sensors which appear in the solid vector can appear in the ungrouped vector as well. See Method 6.
Filtered Vectors
After filtering all ungrouped vectors, we can continue counting the repetition of all filtered ungrouped vectors until we find new direct groups. In Method 7, the inputs are, a solid vectors, and, a list of ungrouped vectors. The output is a list of vectors contains only those sensors that appeared in the solid vector.
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is expressing the created regions. For convenient, we will express the created regions by
. The symbol 
denotes to the number of created regions. For example
. Each region of 
has a coverage degree. The symbol 
denotes the coverage degree.
denotes the set of sensors covered the 
region.
.
.
.
: is a set of sensors that are overlapped while covering the same region in the sensing field.
to
overlapped with sensor
. More precisely, 
covered the same region. The group of sensors is an object containing the members shown below.
: is a set of sensors, which are overlapped with the sensor si.
: is a group of sensors that fully matches a vector in the network.
: is a Hybrid and collected group of sensors by processing multiple vectors.
are not fully matched with any direct group
, but they can matched some sensors in multiple direct groups, some sensors of ungrouped vectors might not be matched with any sensors in the directed groups.
A list of direct groups:
.
are those sensors in ungrouped vectors 
that do not matches any sensor in direct group.
is the union of remnant sensors 
of each ungrouped vectors.
, we can exclude all the sensors directly grouped already and also find the sensors that are not grouped yet. For each ungrouped vector
,
.
into square sub-matrices 
, such as the value of each sensor of sub-matrix 
as well as the sub-matrix contain the maximum possible number of rows and columns. Each sub-matrix should match a group of sensors. For example, the network in 
in the field sends a vector 
to the base station, all vectors create the
. Let 
be the number of sensors of
. In addition to that, let R be the number of repetition of 
in
. The first step of this algorithm is to find the sensors overlapping relations based on their distance; each sensor has a vector of sensors. The second step is to sort these vectors according to the number of sensors within.
).
).
).
).
by calling the method of finding the direct groups (GetDirectGroups
).
. However, not all vectors are able to be directly grouped. For ungrouped vectors, there will be (n-g) vectors. The recursive time needed is:
consists of a finite nonempty set V of groups called vertices and a set E of 2-elements of V called edges. In the graph theory, the notation V(G) is the set of vertex and E(G) is a set of edges. Using the idea of graph theory, we can say that each vertex is represented by a group of sensors. The leader of the group is represented with an edge. As long as the graph is connected, there will be a path from the source node connecting the base station, hence the packet must be reaching the sink node. Here we assume that connectivity and coverage of network are managed well.
,
is the neighbor groups of g for instance in 
.
. In 
.
are twins. If a leader connected to more than one neighborgroup is called identical leader, for example, 
and 
are identical Leaders.
and to the number of hops of each pattern by
.
. For n sensors, there will be 
patterns.
be the sum of hops of all patterns. For example, 
as shown in 
(See 
is a list of sensors deployed in the sensing field. The output 
is a list of vectors. The main procedure here is to find the overlapped sensors with the required sensor
. Each sensor si finds the overlapping list of sensors and sends it to the base station where the square matrix of network A* is built. The algorithm for finding the groups will run in the base station. In case the grouping process run internally in the local node, each node send its vector to the adjacent node only. Here we suppose the grouping process will run externally.
is a list of vectors of all sensors deployed in the field. The output 
is a list of direct groups extracted from the list of vectors.
in the network list
, if not matched any entry 
in the direct groups list
, then it considered as ungrouped vector
.
.
a list of the network vectors and the direct groups
. Therefore, we just find those vectors, which are not grouped yet.
is a list of direct groups and 
is a list of ungrouped vectors. The output 
is a list of the direct groups which matched the ungrouped vectors. For each ungrouped vector, we will find the matching direct groups by dividing the ungrouped vectors into smaller vectors. Each ungrouped vector might match multiple direct groups.
, a list of matched groups, and
, ungrouped vector. The output is a list of remnant sensors
. The first step is to find the union of matching direct groups associated with the ungrouped vector, and to list them in (unionMembersOfGroup), then find the interaction of (unionMembersOfGroup) with the vector’s sensors.
, a solid vectors, and
, a list of ungrouped vectors. The output is a list of vectors contains only those sensors that appeared in the solid vector.