The efficiency of substance exchange may be decreased when the thickness and volume of such a tissue-engineered cartilage that is composed of cultured cells and porous scaffold increase. Moreover, during the transport of this construct with complicated shapes, excessive and focal mechanical loading may cause deformation. The establishment of incubation and transport methods is necessary for the three-dimensional tissue-engineered cartilage. Therefore, we investigated the preparation of an agarose mold with a concavity similar to the shape of 3-dimensional tissue-engineered cartilage to prevent excessive and focal concentration of stress, while avoiding interference with substance exchange as much as possible. Firstly, we investigated the preparation at 1% - 4% agarose concentrations. Since the mechanical strength was insufficient at 1%, 2% was regarded as appropriate. Using 2% agarose, we prepared a mold with a 5 × 5 × 5 mm concavity to accommodate tissue-engineered cartilage (5 × 5 × 5 mm mixture of 1.5 × 107 cells and collagen gel), and stored the regenerative cartilage in it for 2 and 24 hours. On comparison with storage in a plastic mold with the same shape in which substance exchanged from side and bottom was impossible, although no significant differences were noted in the number or viability of cells after 2 hours, these were markedly reduced in the plastic mold after 24 hours. It was confirmed that favorable cell numbers and viability were maintained by immediately retaining the regenerative cartilage in the culture medium in the agarose mold and keeping the temperature at 37°C. Since this agarose mold also buffers against mechanical forces loaded on the three-dimensional regenerative tissue, it may be useful as a container for storage and transport of large-sized three-dimensional regenerative tissue.
Research and development of regenerative medicine are progressing for various organs [1]. The clinical application of cartilage regenerative medicine has particularly progressed, and a treatment method for cartilage defects involving injecting a gelatinous mixture or a cell suspension has already been clinically applied [2,3] . However, its application is limited to local articular defects or silicon removal after cosmetic surgery of the nose. We introduced a porous material of scaffold and succeeded in the development of tissue-engineered cartilage with a three-dimensional shape and mechanical strength [4,5] . Briefly, we regenerate cartilage with atelocollagen hydrogel and a PLLA porous scaffold used as a composite scaffold and apply it for treatment of nasal deformation in patients with cleft lip and palate [6]. The thickness, length, and width of this regenerated cartilage were 3 mm, 5 cm, and 6 mm, respectively, making it larger than previous regenerative cartilage. For this large-sized regenerative tissue prepared with the porous material, techniques of incubation containing cells with a higher density in the end-product and its transport to an operation theater are necessary. However, the efficiency of substance exchange is quite low in such a large-sized regenerative tissue, and central necrosis occurs [7]. In addition, a shape that fits specific regenerative tissue should be given to the storage container because such a construct prepared with a porous material has a complex shape simulating the human body.
Thus, we focused on agarose, which is used for general biological experiments. Agarose can be readily obtained, sterilized, and purchased cheaply, being very advantageous. Agarose is a plant-derived glycoprotein, and once it is gelled, it has very low adhesiveness to mammalian cells and very little biological influence on the regenerative tissue [8,9] .
As it is used as a matrix of electrophoresis, substance diffusibility is favorable, which is advantageous for the storage and culture of regenerative tissue containing abandant cells. In addition, since its gelation properties are marked, the liquid phase can be converted to the gel phase without changing the shape by temperature adjustment during culture and transport, which enables the preparation of a mold with a concavity fitting the shape of regenerative tissue. Mechanical forces loaded on regenerative tissue can be dispersed and reduced using this concave mold. We decided to prepare a mold for regenerative tissue using agarose with the various advantages described above, and use it for culture and transport. In the present study, to investigate the actual usefulness of this agarose mold for the culture and transport of regenerative tissue, we optimized the agarose mold, actually used it for the culture of tissue-engineered cartilage under various conditions, and evaluated the cell properties in the regenerative cartilage. An agarose concentration providing sufficient mechanical strength while allowing smooth substance exchange was established, and agarose molds were prepared at this concentration and used for the culture and storage of regenerative cartilage. The behavior of chondrocytes contained in the regenerative cartilage was evaluated, and the usefulness of the agarose mold was finally investigated.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Preparation of Agarose Mold
Agarose (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan) was used. Agarose was mixed with MEM at a concentration of 1% - 4%, dissolved at 121˚C, and agarose fragments with a 15-mm diameter and 5-mm height were prepared at room temperature. To prepare agarose molds, 6 mL of autoclaved agarose solution was added to a 6-well plate (BD, Carlsbad, USA) to create 5 × 5 × 5-mm concavities. For comparison, 5 × 5 × 5-mm plastic molds (Simport, Beloil, Canada) were used.
2.2. Isolation and Analysis of Chondrocytes
After obtaining informed consent, the perichondrium was detached from about 2 - 3 g of residual auricular cartilage surgically excised from a microtia patient. The cartilage was cut into 1-mm3 pieces using a scalpel and incubated in 0.15% collagenase solution at 37˚C for 24 hours with shaking in a thermostat [10]. The lysate was filtered through a cell strainer with a pore size of 100 μm to remove residues, and then centrifuged at 500 × g for 5 minutes to isolate human chondrocytes. The isolated chondrocytes were seeded in a collagen type I-coat plastic tissue culture dish at a density of 2500 cells/cm2, and cultured in chondrocyte growth medium (DMEM/F-12 containing 5% human serum, 100 ng/mL FGF-2, and 5 μg/mL insulin) [11,12] in a 37˚C /5% CO2 incubator. The medium was changed twice a week. Cells were treated with trypsin-EDTA solution and passaged before reaching confluence. After 2 passages, cells were collected and subjected to experiments.
Human auricular chondrocytes and 3% atelocollagen gel (KOKEN, Tokyo, Japan) were mixed, adjusting the cell concentration to 1.0 × 108 cells/ml and gel concentration to 1% as regenerative cartilage [4,13] .
2.3. Evaluation Method
The mechanical strength was measured using Venustron (Axiom, Fukushima, Japan). Under computer control, the motor-driven sensor unit automatically presses down on the surface of the materials and provides an indentation force and a decrease in the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the sensor was set to 50 Hz, while the maximum depth of indentation was 1 mm. Young's modulus can be calculated by the indentation force and the decrease in the resonant frequency, based on the principles previously reported [14,15]. It was measured 5 times, and the mean and standard deviation were calculated. For measurements of the cell properties, the sample was treated with 8 mL of 0.3% collagenase at 37˚C until collagen was digested (about 60 minutes), and the numbers of viable and dead cells, as well as cell vaibility, were determined using NucleoCounter (Chemometec, Gydevang, Denmark) [16].
3. Results
Firstly, the agarose concentration to prepare agarose molds was evaluated. One to four percent agarose gel was prepared, and the mechanical strength was measured. Young’s modulus of agarose gel increased in a concentration-dependent manner, but the strength of 1% agarose gel was less than 100 kPa and insufficient to retain the external shape. The strength of a 2% or higher agarose gel exceeded 200 kPa and could retain the external shape (Figure 1). Considering that a low concentration is advantageous for substance diffusion, we adopted a 2% agarose concentration for agarose molds.
Agarose molds to retain regenerative cartilage were prepared using 2% agarose gel. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this agarose mold, we made the regenerative cartilage consisting of cultured chondrocytes (1.5 ×
107 cells) and atelocollagen (150 μL): in the agarose mold in a humid bath (Figure 2, Group A), in the agarose mold and combined with medium (Figure 2, Group B), or in a plastic mold with no substance permeability in a humid bath (Figure 2, Group C) at 37˚C for 2 hours. When the mechanical strength of the regenerative cartilage was measured, Young’s modulus was about 20 kPa in Groups A and B, but less than 10 kPa in Group C (Figure 2 Young’s modulus). On the other hand, the indentation force was about 2 g in all groups, showing no marked difference among the groups (Figure 2 Pressure), nor was there a marked decrease in the resonant frequency (Figure 2 Tactile).
The numbers of chondrocytes and the cell viability of the regenerative cartilages were measured. The number of administered cells was 1.5 × 107 cells. The total number of cells after 2-hour storage at 37˚C was approximately 1.3 × 107 cells in all groups, showing no marked difference. The numbers of dead and viable cells and the cell viability were 6 × 105, 1.2 × 107, and approximately 95%, respectively, in all groups, showing no significant differences among the groups (Figure 3).
In each group, the molds were stored for another 22 hours in a humid bath at 37˚C (Figure 4, Group H), combined with medium and stored at 37˚C (Figure 4, Group M), or in a humid bath at 4˚C (Figure 4, Group L). The total number of cells markedly decreased in the groups both contained in the plastic mold and stored at 37˚C. The number of viable cells and the cell viability were lower in the groups contained in the plastic mold under all conditions. In the group contained in the agarose mold and combined with medium (Figure 4, Group B), the number of cells and the cell viability were still relatively favorable after 24 hours. In the group contained in the agarose mold and stored at 4˚C (Figure 4, Group AL) and the group in the agarose mold, combined with medium, and stored at 37˚C (Figure 4, Group B), approximately 80% of administered cells were retained after 24 hours, and the cell viablity was higher than 90%, suggesting that these may be used as favorable storage conditions.
4. Discussion
In the present study, the agarose mold was used as a container to preserve and store regenerative tissue with an about 5-mm thickness in which cells were present at a high density (108/mL). It was suggested that substance exchange can be maintained for 24 hours in the agarose mold, and cell viability in the tissue can be retained. In addition, the agarose mold stably holds the tissueengi neered constructs and buffers physical impacts, which are very advantageous for the transport of vulnerable
regenerative tissue before transplantation. Actually, it is becoming increasingly successful as a culture and transport container for the end-products of three-dimensional tissue-engineered cartilage tissue (5 cm × 6 mm × 3 mm) for delivery to operating theater (Figure 5) [6].
Regenerative tissue culture methods include the simple placement of tissue in a vessel with some culture medium. This method does not require a specific device and can be readily prepared, but the tissue may be damaged on contacting the vessel. Moreover, excessive shear stress may be loaded by the culture medium and negatively influence cells. Since the regenerative tissue before transplantation is very unstable, this method may be inappropriate.
Methods to overcome these problems have been proposed as the floating culture of regenerative tissue. It was reported that the large-sized tissue-engineered constructs were cultured, using roating wall vessel (RWV) [17].
When the RWV was used to culture the mesenchymal stem cells, favorable results of cartilage regeneration have been found[18]. However, the floating culture requires specific devices, a problem remains with regard to transport, and, basically, only rounded shapes, such as spherical and circular shapes, can be used because mechanical forces can be spread out. Gyratory culture was also reported [19], but, similarly, tissue can be cultured only in rounded shapes. Thus, it is difficult to prepare tissue-engineered cartilage fitting the shape required, and these methods may be inapplicable.
Retention in medium with a mesh or cage is also considered. When tissue is fixed using a mesh or cage, mechanical stress may be concentrated on a specific region of a line or a point, and change the shape during transport or culture. Thus, fixation in culture medium using a mesh or cage may be basically difficult. As the mesh or cage may be processed adjusting it to the shape of regenerated tissue, it must be custom-made for individual cases, which is economically inefficient.
Thus, we investigated a material through which nutrition and oxygen are readily exchanged, such as hydrogel, with marked gelation properties, high mechanical strength, and flexibility to readily change shape, and prepared a hydrogel mold. For the material of hydrogel, we considered that with favorable substance exchangeability and minimum influence on tissue. There are various types of hydrogel [13] , but we focused on agarose because it has marked gelation properties and weak cell-adhesive properties and toxicity [9].
Agarose is comprised of D-galactose bound at C1 and C3 and 3,6-unhydro-L-galactose bound at C1 and C4. These 2 types of sugar alternately bond, forming a repeat bonding neutral polysaccharide [9]. Agar was another choice. Agar is prepared by extracting mucilage from Rhodophyceae, mainly seaweeds of Gelidiaceae and Gracilaria, and removing water. The main components of agar are polysaccharides, and it is used as a material for agarose production. Agar for microbial culture matrix is also available, but it contains seaweed-derived minerals, crude proteins, and other contaminants, in addition to saccharides [8]. Thus, purer agarose is more readily used for regenerative medicine requiring strict quality control. This may be advantageous to retain regenerative medicine products.
In the plastic mold, no nutrient or oxygen may have diffused and waste may have accumulated, reducing viability. Substances can diffuse through the agarose mold, which may be very advantageous in structures for regenerative medicine containing cells at a high density. The causes of cell death include dryness, in addition to the inhibition of diffusion. Cells are very sensitive to dryness, and extracellular matrix-detached cells are readily exposed to dryness. When culture medium was added immediately after placing the tissue-engineered constructs, the cell viability was very high, although the survival rate was rather low when culture medium was added later. For atelocollagen mixed with cells as a base material of tissue regeneration, an acidic product was used [20]. The addition of a large volume of neural-buffered culture medium immediately after mixing cells with atelocollagen may have buffered the pH of atelocollagen and promoted cell survival. When the agarose mold was used with no culture medium, cell viability was superior in the tissue stored at 4˚C to that at 37˚C, suggesting that a low temperature was advantageous to maintain humidity, preventing drying.
Regenerative medicine products to be introduced in medical care in the future will probably become larger and more complex, and therefore, culture and transport methods for these large regenerative tissues are essential for the generalization and advancement of regenerative medicine. We are actually using the mold for culture and storage of 5 cm × 6 mm × 3-mm dome-shaped tissueengineered cartilage prepared with a porous material and atelocollagen [6]. It is necessary to develop a culture container with a higher substance exchange efficiency by accumulating experience and clinical data.
5. Conclusion
The agarose mold seemed useful as a container for storage and transport of large-sized three-dimensional regenerative tissue. Because this kind of mold is available for both culture and transport of the large regenerative tissues, it will contribute to for the generalization and advancement of regenerative medicine.
6. Acknowledgements
We thank Ms. Yuko Motoki and Mr. Tomoaki Sakamoto for technical support. This work was supported by Grantsin-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT, No. 24390451, 24593050, and 25670847) and from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (MHLW, No. H24-Saisei-Ippan-005), and Research and Development Programs for Self-maturating Device from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
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