JMPJournal of Modern Physics2153-1196Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/jmp.2013.48A015JMP-36272ArticlesPhysics&Mathematics Inflation Playing by John Lagrangian ntoninKanfon1*GastonEdah1*EzinviBaloïtcha1*Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin* E-mail:kanfon@yahoo.fr(NK);gastonedah@yahoo.fr(GE);ezinvi.baloitcha@cipma.uac.bj(EB);200820130408160164June 1, 2013July 13, 2013 August 9, 2013© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Our goal is to reproduce inflation through the coupling between the non-minimal first derivative of the scalar field and the Einstein tensor in which we introduced a potential. We analyse the inflation by examining the equation of state, the expansion parameter and the scale factor. We have shown that when the potential is proportional to the field φ and proportional to the square of the field, inflation does not appear; but when the potential is an exponential function of the scalar field, this model brings up inflation. Inflation does not occur when the time t is near minus infinity but it is noticed a few units of Planck time.

John Lagrangian; Inflation1. Introduction

Based on observations [1-3], we can say that the universe today is almost flat. If this is the case, i.e., it has remained flat since the beginning of time? To this problem of flatness, we can add the horizon problem. To solve these problems Englert and Guth proposed in [1] primordial inflation. The universe would have grown exponentially just after the Big Bang. Many models of inflation exist and most involve a scalar field which undergoes a phase transition during inflation. Many of these models use a potential that needs to be adjusted so that the theory is consistent with the observations. In this paper, we develop models of inflation from non minimal coupling to gravity. The first scalar-tensor theories involving nonminimal couplings are known as coupling Brans-Dike [4]. This work is based on an article published in 1974 by [5] followed by [6] where they show that only four families of terms lead to a violation of the equivalence principle, while ensuring to obtain the equations of motion of the second member. These couplings are given in [6] as the “Fab Four”. In our work, we consider a Lagrangian with two parts: the first is the non-minimal derivative coupling of the form

nicknamed John in Fab Four. The second part consists of a minimal coupling with a multiplicative potential [7]. In other words, we relied on the work of [4,8,9], but here we have a potential which multiplies the kinetic part of the Lagrangian.

After building the action, we deduced the different equations by considering a flat space. We then presented some cosmological models and which followed by a discussion of those models.

2. Mathematical Model2.1. Action

Let be the reduced Planck mass.

Let,

and

Which is equivalent to

where ε and γ are constants dimensionless coupling; κ is 1/L2, is 1/L. This action can be written

ε = 0, we find the models studied by [8] and [4]

2.2. Equations of Motion

Consider a spatially-flat cosmological model with the metric

With the scale factor and the Euclidian metric. If one assume, then the cosmological equations which derive from the action (4) can be written

where

The Equations (6) and (7) are the equation of movement; 8 is the Klein-Gordon equation. If one poses

where and  are respectively the pressure and the matter density of the field. We can use 6 and 7 to determine equation of state (EoS)

3. Results and Discussion

Given the complexity of the equations, we did not obtain solutions analytics.

3.1. Decoupled Equations

Before starting the numerical solution, we will work Equations (7) and (8) to separate and

We perform numerical integration by using matlab ode 45 precisely embedded Runge-Kutta method.

When, the evolution of the state equation shows that with the presence of this potential, the field acts like the dark matter for ε negative or positive. The acceleration parameter goes to zero. The field ϕ vs the scale factor is a constant. This model does not accommodate inflation. These plots (Figures 1-4) have been obtained by numerical integration for an initial condition of φ = 10 in natural units in the case γ = 1.

Here also, the field starts with an EoS but this field likes the dark matter with state equation equal 0; the acceleration parameter is negative; the Universe only decelerates as can been shown the four following plots (Figures 5-8)

We find that we can have cosmological models for only λ negative. We have shown the curves for. compared with those obtained for which is studied in the model [8]. The acceleration parameter (Figure 9) shows a universe initially accelerated after some time. So this time could correspond to the end of the inflationary epoch. Note that here, when ε is negative, universe deceleration makes less pronounced. Observing the curves α(t).

Figure 10 shows that these curves are linear at the origin, and this reinforces the notion of inflation at the origin of time. During this time the field is an exponential function of the scale factor (Figure 11). During the inflationary epoch field behaved like a dark energy before undergoing a transition to the matter.

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