AMApplied Mathematics2152-7385Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/am.2013.47144AM-34320ArticlesPhysics&Mathematics Bifurcation Analysis of a Stage-Structured Prey-Predator System with Discrete and Continuous Delays hunyiLi1*WenwuLiu1XianguiXue1Department of Mathematics, Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities, Duyun, China* E-mail:lishunyi19820425@163.com(HL);28062013040710591064May 5, 2013June 5, 2013 June 14, 2013© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

A three-stage-structured prey-predator model with discrete and continuous time delays is studied. The characteristic equations and the stability of the boundary and positive equilibrium are analyzed. The conditions for the positive equilibrium occurring Hopf bifurcation are given, by applying the theorem of Hopf bifurcation. Finally, numerical simulation and brief conclusion are given.

Three-Stage-Structured; Prey-Predator Model; Time Delay; Hopf Bifurcation1. Introduction

In the natural world, there are many species whose individual members have a life history that takes them through two stages: immature and mature. In 1990, Aiello and Freedman [1] introduced single-species stagestructured model with time delay, and the stability of the system was studied. In 1997, Wang and Chen [2] introduced single-species stage-structured model without time delay and found that an orbitally asymptotically stable periodic orbit existence. In these papers [3], the authors assume that the life history of each population is divided into distinctive stages: the immature and mature members of the population, where only the mature member can reproduce themselves. However, in the nature many species go through three life stages: immature, mature and old. For example, many female animals lose reproductive ability when they are old.

A single species with three life history stage and cannibalism model have considered by S. J. Gao [4], and shown that the stability of the positive equilibrium can change a finite number of times at most as time delay is increased when the model under some parameters values. Recently, a nonautonomous three-stage-structured predator-prey system with time delay have studied by S. J. Yang and B. Shi [5], by using the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory, the existence of a positive periodic solution is obtained. And the local Hopf bifurcation and global periodic solutions for a delayed threestage-structured predator-prey considered by Li et al. [6, 7].

2. Formulation of the Model

In this paper, we consider following three-stage-structured prey-predator model with discrete and continuous time delays

where

are the densities of immature preys, mature preys and old preys population at time is the density of predator population at time t, respectively. All of the parameters are positive, is the birth rate of mature prey population, and are the death rate of immature, mature and old prey population, respectively. and are the maturity rate and ageing rate of the prey population, respectively. and are the density dependent coefficients of immature prey population and predator population, respectively. is the rate of conversing prey into predator and is the predation coefficient. and are the gestation delay and density dependent for predator population, respectively.

Note that in (2.1), is linear dependent on. That is, the asymptotic behavior of is dependent on. Therefore, we just need to study following subsystem

where

The initial conditions for (2.2) are

3. Local Stability Analysis and Hopf Bifurcation3.1. Local Stability Analysis

Obviously, system (2.2) has two boundary equilibrium, (if condition holds), and an unique positive equilibrium (if condition holds), where

Let, be any arbitrary equilibrium. The linearized equations are

where

and the characteristic equation about is given by

Theorem 1. 1) is local stable if, local unstable if and exist.

2) is local stable if, local unstable if and exist.

Proof. 1) From (3.2), the characteristic equation about is given by

Then, , and are the two other roots of

By Routh-Hurwitz criterion, is local stable if, local unstable if and exist.

2) From (3.2), the characteristic equation about is given by

Then, are the two roots of

with negative real parts., by Routh-Hurwitz criterion, is local stable if, local unstable if and exist.

3.2. Existence of Local Hopf Bifurcation

The characteristic equation about the positive equilibrium is given by

where

When, (3.5) becomes to

and Note that

if condition holds. By Routh-Hurwits criterion, all roots of (3.6) have negative real parts. Then, the equilibrium is local stable.

Suppose, is a root of (3.5) and separating the real and imaginary parts, one can get that

From (3.7), we have

namely

where

If condition hold, then, (3.9) have at least one positive root. Without loss of generality, we assume (3.9) have four distinct positive roots, then (3.5) have four pair of imaginary roots. From (3.7), we have

Thus, thecorresponding to are given by

And the direction of pass through the imaginary axis [8] when is given by

Then, since four distinct positive roots of (3.9). Let

According to the Hopf bifurcation theorem for functional differential equations [9], (2.2) can undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when. Furthermore, if condition, holds, then (3.9) have unique positive root, and the corresponding to are given by

and, according to the Hopf bifurcation theorem for functional differential equations [9], (2.2) can undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when. Based on above analysis, we have the following result.

Theorem 2. 1) If condition holds, then there exists a, when the positive equilibrium of (1.2) is asymptotically stable and unstable when, where is defined by (2.11).

2) If condition holds, then there exists a, when the positive equilibrium of (2.2) is asymptotically stable and unstable when, (2.2) can undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when, where is defined by (3.12).

Remark 1. It must be pointed out that Theorem 2 can not determine the stability and the direction of bifurcating periodic solutions, that is, the periodic solutions may exists either for or for, near. To determine the stability, direction and other properties of bifurcating periodic solutions, the normal form theory and center manifold argument should be considered [10].

4. Numerical Simulation

We consider following stage-structured delay system

where

System (4.1) has an unique positive equilibrium point. We solve model (4.1) using function dde23 in MATLAB, and compute that

According to Theorem 2, the positive equilibrium point E2 is asymptotically stable when (see Figure 1). When, the positive equilibrium point E2 is unstable and the Hopf bifurcation occurring around the positive equilibrium E2 are shown (see Figure 2). The bifurcating periodic solution (limit cycle) of (4.1) are stable when (see Figure 3), the amplitudes of period oscillatory are increasing as time delays increased. But, too large time delay would make the population to be die out, because the population very close to zero as time delay increase to some critical value.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we considered a three-stage-structured prey-predator system with discrete and continuous time delays and analyzed the stability of the boundary and positive equilibrium, obtained the conditions of the positive equilibrium occurring Hopf bifurcation by analyzing the characteristic equation about it. Numerical examples by time-series plot have shown that the system considered local asymptotically stable when and stable Hopf bifurcation periodic solutions when and near. That is to say, time delay can make the positive equilibrium lose stability. It is shown that populations can be coexistence with periodic fluctuating under some conditions and such fluctuation is caused by the time delay. The bifurcating periodic solution (limit cycle) is stable when from 5 to 40 and the amplitudes of period oscillatory are increasing as time delays increased. But, too large time delay would make the population to

be extinct, because the population arbitrary close to zero as time delay increase to some critical value. These are very interesting in mathematics and biology.

6. Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (No. [2011] 2116).

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