<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ENG</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Engineering</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1947-3931</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/eng.2013.55A006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ENG-31823</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Engineering</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  On Some &lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;-Convergent Double Sequence Spaces Defined by a Modulus Function
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>akeel.</surname><given-names>A. Khan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nazneen</surname><given-names>Khan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>vakhanmaths@gmail.com(AAK)</email>;<email>nazneen4maths@gmail.com(NK)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>05</volume><issue>05</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>February</day>	<month>15,</month>	<year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>March</day>	<month>17,</month>	<year>2013</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>March</day>	<month>26,</month>	<year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><html>
 <head></head>
 
  In 2000, Kostyrko, Salat,
   
  and Wilczynski introduced and studied the concept of I-convergence of sequences in metric spaces where I is an ideal. The concept of I-convergence has a wide application in the field of Number Theory, trigonometric series, summability theory, probability theory, optimization and approximation theory. In this article we introduce the double sequence spaces <img alt="" src="Edit_7f8f596e-fc5f-4591-83cf-aad98874ebd0.bmp" />
   
  and <img alt="" src="Edit_313d13f4-9c6e-4081-bae9-d63117a0dc2a.bmp" />,
  for a modulus function 
  f
   and study some of the properties of these spaces.
   
    
 
</html></p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Ideal; Filter; Modulus Function; Lipschitz Function; I-Convergence Field; I-Convergent; Monotone and Solid Double Sequence Spaces</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The notion of I-Convergence is a generalization of the concept statistical convergence which was first introduced by H. Fast [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref1">1</xref>] and later on studied by J. A. Fridy [2,3] from the sequence space point of view and linked it with the summability theory. At the initial stage I-Convergence was studied by Kostyrko, Salat and Wilezynski [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref4">4</xref>]. Further it was studied by Salat, Tripathy, Ziman [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref5">5</xref>] and Demirci [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref6">6</xref>]. Throughout a double sequence is denoted by <img src="6-8101912\12027f2e-1a2a-4ea4-822a-7417b06731df.jpg" /> Also a double sequence is a double infinite array of elements <img src="6-8101912\763c396a-a649-495d-a3a3-384c716a2039.jpg" /> for all <img src="6-8101912\8487419a-9b82-43f1-a5ff-b6f28e50abd3.jpg" /> The inital works on double sequences is found in Bromwich [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref7">7</xref>], Basarir and Solancan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref8">8</xref>] and many others.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Definitions and Preliminaries</title><p>Throughout the article <img src="6-8101912\ab9208c4-7cd3-4dba-ab64-3e7298f5b477.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\fa082a11-4d11-43ba-8be5-f7a9de03679e.jpg" /> denotes the set of natural, real, complex numbers and the class of all sequences respectively.</p><p>Let X be a non empty set. A set <img src="6-8101912\d3f2444e-0d10-4d09-8271-7f273dfb59ee.jpg" /> (<img src="6-8101912\74c7f6fc-a81a-44b1-bebf-3d9d535f30ef.jpg" />denoting the power set of X) is said to be an ideal if I is additive i.e <img src="6-8101912\9377430f-7f94-4947-94df-47a0f5046f92.jpg" /> and hereditary i.e.<img src="6-8101912\dcde6b45-5697-460e-b479-339f2efeffde.jpg" />.</p><p>A non-empty family of sets <img src="6-8101912\ee83b19e-18de-46ae-bebc-0a235e26060a.jpg" /> is said to be filter on X if and only if<img src="6-8101912\101296ab-2587-43df-a5b3-3fd2b77f3f80.jpg" />, for <img src="6-8101912\8c9ccfeb-e6ba-4af9-9a0f-0cc0ddfab6a7.jpg" /><img src="6-8101912\c79caf70-8971-4c9f-9561-26d4eac1c547.jpg" /> we have <img src="6-8101912\98b79fa2-5624-44b7-b288-11d95c32c3af.jpg" /> and for each <img src="6-8101912\da1b3a2c-7a2a-4121-99b0-b2ca33260b27.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\c7262f73-db15-4e99-9a2b-9118f4b40482.jpg" /> implies<img src="6-8101912\4cd498b3-3206-4680-9125-8b47705f4cb8.jpg" />.</p><p>An Ideal <img src="6-8101912\030a3fa6-cf53-468c-8da6-7282a668bd06.jpg" /> is called non-trivial if<img src="6-8101912\75767340-a911-448c-8f69-1dd44db1a1ba.jpg" />.</p><p>A non-trivial ideal <img src="6-8101912\2d0430dd-6b4a-45eb-ad42-020e3c5f09e7.jpg" /> is called admissible if<img src="6-8101912\657931a4-d10c-456d-b56f-c25de710b353.jpg" />.</p><p>A non-trivial ideal I is maximal if there cannot exist any non-trivial ideal<img src="6-8101912\a1388d09-d7dc-4cc7-9d3a-f38604539934.jpg" /> containing I as a subset.</p><p>For each ideal I, there is a filter <img src="6-8101912\5308321c-a1bd-4896-b0be-5b915b8145ec.jpg" /> corresponding to I.</p><p>i.e.<img src="6-8101912\182dac49-bfea-49fe-9dcb-f8e111e1fd9c.jpg" />, where<img src="6-8101912\c2189643-ac49-4ec2-b026-fce4d5950768.jpg" />.</p><p>The idea of modulus was structured in 1953 by Nakano (See [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref9">9</xref>]).</p><p>A function <img src="6-8101912\86e9fbfa-2bf3-4320-9757-5dbde7d36576.jpg" /> is called a modulus if</p><p>(1) <img src="6-8101912\ee2cf8b9-4f8f-4aee-b858-94290e19f75f.jpg" />if and only if<img src="6-8101912\34a79b54-f877-4feb-a8bd-f90b1e587013.jpg" />(2) <img src="6-8101912\d0a8a9df-cab7-4763-b811-7d2c0849729c.jpg" />for all<img src="6-8101912\789e708d-5014-405b-a257-8d5e9240d8eb.jpg" />(3) <img src="6-8101912\0349df00-3d05-4b0e-938b-e9caccd00d72.jpg" />is nondecreasing, and</p><p>(4) <img src="6-8101912\a79dc870-c114-4641-b2cf-0ce0ed1efceb.jpg" />is continuous from the right at zero.</p><p>Ruckle [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref10">10</xref>] used the idea of a modulus function <img src="6-8101912\e31c26c9-f8a2-436c-a6aa-68d742fdca72.jpg" /> to construct the sequence space</p><p><img src="6-8101912\ee55230c-3cfb-4898-ad8e-1dfbe3bb11a7.jpg" /></p><p>This space is an FK space , and Ruckle[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref10">10</xref>] proved that the intersection of all such <img src="6-8101912\0adda2e5-8f42-464a-a476-d3af3b5ced08.jpg" /> spaces is<img src="6-8101912\4c70c555-2389-42fb-9343-1b4b7ddf3fde.jpg" />, the space of all finite sequences.</p><p>The space X(f) is closely related to the space <img src="6-8101912\d2896403-9526-4033-aa56-dd0306dda153.jpg" /> which is an X(f) space with <img src="6-8101912\6f18e2c0-45f4-49a4-aad1-6f5093b2fe70.jpg" /> for all real<img src="6-8101912\01bc67f6-a231-4fc7-89e9-a54577449c6e.jpg" />. Thus Ruckle [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref11">11</xref>] proved that, for any modulus<img src="6-8101912\6b650436-a92e-4b0c-bfbf-a809cafb910c.jpg" />.</p><p><img src="6-8101912\606802dc-0200-4771-a25d-240fb37ac566.jpg" /></p><p>where</p><p><img src="6-8101912\849a48e4-180b-493d-b1b0-2739665cae0a.jpg" /></p><p>The space <img src="6-8101912\1955ce9a-43f4-4a10-8adc-7c0bbb21a9c6.jpg" /> is a Banach space with respect to the norm</p><p><img src="6-8101912\a606a662-f10d-4718-820f-c3e722c59c81.jpg" />(See [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref10">10</xref>]).</p><p>Spaces of the type <img src="6-8101912\ece592ba-a157-4c21-9189-ac89c4655cfb.jpg" /> are a special case of the spaces structured by B. Gramsch in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref12">12</xref>]. From the point of view of local convexity, spaces of the type <img src="6-8101912\f4207149-1021-40bf-b31c-91621419d66d.jpg" /> are quite pathological. Therefore symmetric sequence spaces, which are locally convex have been frequently studied by D. J. H. Garling [13,14], G. Kothe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref15">15</xref>] and W. H. Ruckle [10,16].</p><p>Definition 2.1. A sequence space E is said to be solid or normal if <img src="6-8101912\67c54e79-fc8e-4f17-9afa-64d4f82860aa.jpg" /> implies <img src="6-8101912\2e2f8112-ef07-4df1-b368-8e8d7ee8457c.jpg" /> for all sequence of scalars <img src="6-8101912\e2c0f55a-dca7-4392-922b-a3e7fabf46f1.jpg" /> with <img src="6-8101912\aacefacb-c1dd-4e96-a7f2-6b409f0603ff.jpg" /> for all <img src="6-8101912\ff34a2d3-26dd-4fef-af4f-b1eb3ed9a57f.jpg" /></p><p>(see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref17">17</xref>])</p><p>Definition 2.2. Let</p><p><img src="6-8101912\bd107daa-4a4a-411d-ae65-80a66cda8deb.jpg" /></p><p>and E be a double sequence space. A <img src="6-8101912\57d04f34-46e9-4f74-98c2-199f6f8cd279.jpg" />-step space of <img src="6-8101912\8ee3966e-0617-4c25-92c4-6b20b0c57c17.jpg" />is a sequence space</p><p><img src="6-8101912\71a30bc9-39ad-4c1f-af93-22534fdc6705.jpg" /></p><p>Definition 2.3. A cannonical preimage of a sequence <img src="6-8101912\3b054b6e-6d07-49c2-a965-4ee093502228.jpg" /> is a sequence <img src="6-8101912\1a0d69a1-5d00-42ca-90a6-8b7b81cfffbd.jpg" /> defined as follows</p><p><img src="6-8101912\231a1434-078b-40ef-8dd3-0fb66a7f7166.jpg" />(see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref18">18</xref>]).</p><p>Definition 2.4. A sequence space E is said to be monotone if it contains the cannonical preimages of all its stepspaces (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref19">19</xref>]).</p><p>Definition 2.5. A sequence space E is said to be convergence free if<img src="6-8101912\bf3a3623-0337-4d8e-b5d7-94ff876810df.jpg" />, whenever <img src="6-8101912\6d7ff4cc-d9a6-4d8a-bab8-994e3e256d1c.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\b981cd25-e3ef-4ce0-8ece-931555710bf8.jpg" /> implies<img src="6-8101912\eca26230-0a0c-4b57-afa6-9150852a66f8.jpg" />.</p><p>Definition 2.6. A sequence space E is said to be a sequence algebra if <img src="6-8101912\d7ca1384-d05e-4d07-b8ce-e1a695c25a45.jpg" /> whenever</p><p><img src="6-8101912\ce61b688-4ecc-43df-8356-a629640ab590.jpg" />.</p><p>Definition 2.7. A sequence space E is said to be symmetric if <img src="6-8101912\22ed1d41-15d2-46e0-a662-03f210c7706f.jpg" /> whenever <img src="6-8101912\f49837f0-f409-4841-8b46-a1e24ed193ef.jpg" /> where</p><p><img src="6-8101912\8a5255ba-f9ef-4a2b-a075-0d7455fb020a.jpg" />and <img src="6-8101912\59a0daa6-fff7-49df-a333-89ae0f8f6e66.jpg" /> is a permutation on N.</p><p>Definition 2.8. A sequence <img src="6-8101912\dacb7eb5-8c32-4791-be94-dff537900067.jpg" /> is said to be I-convergent to a number L if for every<img src="6-8101912\fd7344f2-c400-4425-beb9-0283acb41e29.jpg" />.<img src="6-8101912\cd5d4984-b231-4daa-9e3f-810b297a9ca0.jpg" />. In this case we write I-lim<img src="6-8101912\6dee00ef-39eb-46c2-95ac-03d743a8abfb.jpg" />.</p><p>The space <img src="6-8101912\673e5ae8-012d-41b5-b90b-76298b106cab.jpg" /> of all I-convergent sequences to <img src="6-8101912\dd869d51-f9b4-4258-94a4-a2f93ce126cd.jpg" /> is given by</p><p><img src="6-8101912\8de52d49-1777-4dd8-bae5-01dc2e1a0f37.jpg" /></p><p>Definition 2.9. A sequence <img src="6-8101912\5d7643a3-ac78-4d56-ac09-564b01e5c115.jpg" /> is said to be I-null if<img src="6-8101912\0dcf7164-c749-4cf8-be04-80b57ce54544.jpg" />. In this case we write I-lim<img src="6-8101912\9fc4391e-20b7-4220-858d-198c1c8cf7e4.jpg" />.</p><p>Definition 2.10. A sequence <img src="6-8101912\af195c2f-f7ad-4636-a6eb-89654264729e.jpg" /> is said to be I-cauchy if for every <img src="6-8101912\69f6f5fe-9e6c-4c46-801b-c3a59fdb4583.jpg" /> there exists a number <img src="6-8101912\d1f286a4-ca9c-452c-9370-2f27fe72387f.jpg" />and <img src="6-8101912\91c2fd29-2157-4a09-bc62-40f9394763b0.jpg" /> such that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\7fed1055-71f0-4e2c-ab23-7bebbd8aaad4.jpg" />.</p><p>Definition 2.11. A sequence <img src="6-8101912\e198a4cc-41c8-4914-8c86-6f7d1843ebf1.jpg" /> is said to be I-bounded if there exists <img src="6-8101912\2ab75012-45f7-43ac-b1cc-7407a88cccf8.jpg" /> such that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\ef8facf9-1ca9-4a41-8c0a-1052b60a2172.jpg" /></p><p>Definition 2.12. A modulus function <img src="6-8101912\66b84595-fb45-4e77-993b-e42560104ed0.jpg" /> is said to satisfy <img src="6-8101912\f48a2913-7a0f-473d-af13-d49bb3240a4a.jpg" /> condition if for all values of u there exists a constant <img src="6-8101912\e5ee99ff-6bdf-484b-9b2a-bcd3a8d118f7.jpg" /> such that <img src="6-8101912\641cdad5-e4c6-4cd2-b65a-7e5f1fcf0260.jpg" /> for all values of<img src="6-8101912\3fba1a77-a13c-44fa-a034-e480c620d4aa.jpg" />.</p><p>Definition 2.13. Take for I the class <img src="6-8101912\cde0a2b8-cec4-4140-82aa-1a0c97a538d6.jpg" /> of all finite subsets of<img src="6-8101912\b9789bd8-7b50-4ce6-b225-ee013faba7db.jpg" />. Then <img src="6-8101912\11ed60c8-621e-41ce-81b0-1a833325e4a3.jpg" /> is a non-trivial admissible ideal and <img src="6-8101912\232ebbbc-bbf4-4112-b507-7034b6d7b07e.jpg" /> convergence coincides with the usual convergence with respect to the metric in X (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref4">4</xref>]).</p><p>Definition 2.14. For<img src="6-8101912\95ade8ce-2d97-4c8e-8b58-a430a246b66b.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\06fd30a5-bc6a-43af-901a-3e0b32869aba.jpg" /> with <img src="6-8101912\d184d524-36b2-467b-888b-3c68f3d6bab5.jpg" /> respectively. <img src="6-8101912\231e313a-c5b9-4827-8cb6-183211fd5e55.jpg" />is a non-trivial admissible ideal, <img src="6-8101912\b87c9c12-059f-4ab0-ae5c-1213098ecc94.jpg" />-convergence is said to be logarithmic statistical convergence (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref4">4</xref>]).</p><p>Definition 2.15. A map <img src="6-8101912\84a34551-b084-4228-a3e3-e08e64cd1dc0.jpg" /> defined on a domain <img src="6-8101912\15e8811a-cdf0-459b-bb3b-20edae0885a7.jpg" /> i.e. <img src="6-8101912\99ff37ea-3b7e-4a22-a7a4-c7a035d11e62.jpg" />is said to satisfy Lipschitz condition if <img src="6-8101912\76fc7a7b-314e-4a7d-bdb2-f8025049f4e4.jpg" /> where K is known as the Lipschitz constant. The class of K-Lipschitz functions defined on D is denoted by <img src="6-8101912\d07a6cd6-8104-44ae-909d-29a786e973ef.jpg" /> (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref20">20</xref>]).</p><p>Definition 2.16. A convergence field of I-convergence is a set</p><p><img src="6-8101912\d5a1d1fc-8bb4-48ce-b84e-7ef5503220cb.jpg" /></p><p>The convergence field <img src="6-8101912\0dafaeec-c3e0-4fd5-b26e-1da9e49c1528.jpg" /> is a closed linear subspace of <img src="6-8101912\a4954eed-09ef-4276-99ba-42b9ac6b4d96.jpg" /> with respect to the supremum norm, <img src="6-8101912\c108682b-4699-4bec-ae04-c0c60a9f7092.jpg" /> (See [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref5">5</xref>]).</p><p>Define a function <img src="6-8101912\d0137e91-deff-4f91-af95-51b04aabdf71.jpg" /> such that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\7ef72889-3753-4334-9e10-566c6d1e506a.jpg" />, for all<img src="6-8101912\0a6de8b5-4f84-48ce-923c-89b9a3e8845c.jpg" />, then the function <img src="6-8101912\2fece28f-9849-4e00-b3fc-fdc03ef6f9ff.jpg" /> is a Lipschitz function (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.31823-ref20">20</xref>]).</p><p>(c.f [18,20-30])</p><p>Throughout the article <img src="6-8101912\859f16fe-167f-463d-8697-bf0f9d783d3b.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\74296b85-5fb8-47db-9de6-eb55bae3d82c.jpg" /> represent the bounded, I-convergent, I-null, bounded I-convergent and bounded I-null sequence spaces respectively.</p><p>In this article we introduce the following classes of sequence spaces.</p><p><img src="6-8101912\e0b1b5c4-61aa-4b44-a8e8-7196c79b21ad.jpg" /></p><p>We also denote by</p><p><img src="6-8101912\c3db70f2-f012-4ee5-808c-2c32068ea278.jpg" /></p><p>and</p><p><img src="6-8101912\0704d441-adb3-48da-9086-38a8a30703bc.jpg" /></p><p>The following Lemmas will be used for establishing some results of this article.</p><p>Lemma (1) Let E be a sequence space. If E is solid then E is monotone.</p><p>Lemma (2) Let<img src="6-8101912\3283721a-41fa-47c8-90eb-232285d03dd6.jpg" /> and<img src="6-8101912\2a381990-0cf8-49c6-be02-8d7d99039d8e.jpg" />. If<img src="6-8101912\19e3ce5f-39a0-4136-aa4f-97f3e8f5ddf5.jpg" />, then <img src="6-8101912\be901bc3-3c3b-4683-8069-74c63f543a0d.jpg" /></p><p>Lemma (3) If <img src="6-8101912\e8fc48e9-c96b-419a-a083-3309a3ed8424.jpg" />and<img src="6-8101912\0c7d3009-63ab-4e24-9815-2ebd9adae54f.jpg" />. If<img src="6-8101912\9748c425-92d9-4f07-b1a7-74e8e583bbfe.jpg" />, then<img src="6-8101912\853c848a-d394-470c-bb96-9b863d9fd8cb.jpg" />.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Main Results</title><p>Theorem 3.1. For any modulus function f, the classes of sequences <img src="6-8101912\25a4ee83-9543-4086-a60b-fad8b1949949.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\d98d6ed0-62a4-4aa5-9067-1841e42588b8.jpg" /> are linear spaces.</p><p>Proof: We shall prove the result for the space<img src="6-8101912\986b677e-c29b-4622-bfd2-fa4687c5e5e5.jpg" />.</p><p>The proof for the other spaces will follow similarly.</p><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\8ee03225-14cb-4354-8924-a2a4d0a4ccae.jpg" /> and let <img src="6-8101912\a00d1ee6-7fce-493c-b174-8a8261c49949.jpg" /> be scalars. Then</p><p><img src="6-8101912\ab3ee4fb-8e78-40da-9350-21e66c128b06.jpg" /></p><p>That is for a given<img src="6-8101912\0ad840c1-91f6-4d9b-81b0-47510acd9608.jpg" />, we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127939"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\b6c5ed3b-df4c-4cb6-b2e0-0663de50a377.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127940"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\f49c1170-55ff-4da9-9834-ff155ae9605f.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Since f is a modulus function, we have</p><p><img src="6-8101912\1895f0ac-4fe1-4a96-aa93-3a34a415e5f8.jpg" /></p><p>Now, by (1) and (2),</p><p><img src="6-8101912\b1384d2e-0507-43e0-8b77-10e997fd54ff.jpg" /></p><p>Therefore <img src="6-8101912\ac57f873-7155-40ea-94af-450be3541856.jpg" /></p><p>Hence <img src="6-8101912\5bcaaed2-f50c-43db-ad5a-fb83f6426d37.jpg" /> is a linear space.</p><p>Theorem 3.2. A sequence <img src="6-8101912\21c93e24-3b2f-4cf3-a2e2-6d711e0d0094.jpg" /> is I-convergent if and only if for every <img src="6-8101912\b1be01e6-a645-4c27-91e3-e610dc544d9a.jpg" /> there exists <img src="6-8101912\4b638823-16b4-421f-a7eb-98b1165f1c1b.jpg" /> such that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127941"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\9f7ad5c0-07b2-42aa-a99a-93988fdc10b4.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Proof: Suppose that<img src="6-8101912\887797c8-33d5-498c-96df-33b08802c18b.jpg" />. Then</p><p><img src="6-8101912\f5d7a369-4a95-4ffe-b7af-1d02bf154f07.jpg" /></p><p>Fix an<img src="6-8101912\9270f4b4-ec85-4979-8415-4ddeb023844b.jpg" />. Then we have</p><p><img src="6-8101912\b0c4b080-0b5e-4ab8-942f-3e38a2d5ce9a.jpg" /></p><p>which holds for all<img src="6-8101912\5c1defc6-7e03-40cb-8c9f-5c0d8a958453.jpg" />.</p><p>Hence <img src="6-8101912\6252709d-6352-4515-900c-37eec1e37109.jpg" /></p><p>Conversely, suppose that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\6f0b368d-176a-4c06-85bb-af88d11c96fa.jpg" /></p><p>That is <img src="6-8101912\5e1f701b-3202-445e-98f5-389b276e440b.jpg" /></p><p>for all<img src="6-8101912\c390dcd0-9d8f-4690-aa83-ca9ddb722ee3.jpg" />. Then the set</p><p><img src="6-8101912\ad729329-0967-42e1-90ba-af89c9a4e612.jpg" /></p><p>Let<img src="6-8101912\130be26f-2d83-4c8c-8351-851e30a1a839.jpg" />. If we fix an <img src="6-8101912\ca93f9a5-0420-4ac3-9399-d328bf93b2e9.jpg" /> then we have <img src="6-8101912\d4e00592-e418-453b-af8d-6d67df17355b.jpg" /> as well as <img src="6-8101912\077fb779-04aa-41c5-9e30-9502b01d9875.jpg" /></p><p>Hence <img src="6-8101912\dd728803-8d5d-44d1-a497-ffcebcb046d1.jpg" />This implies that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\59629f9a-e9f9-4345-8df8-808dc44c5c56.jpg" /></p><p>that is</p><p><img src="6-8101912\7655a8eb-bee7-403e-937f-b2d24bd661a3.jpg" /></p><p>that is</p><p><img src="6-8101912\a49f67fd-f96d-4469-a0a6-5e3793ad536b.jpg" /></p><p>where the diam of N denotes the length of interval N.</p><p>In this way, by induction we get the sequence of closed intervals</p><p><img src="6-8101912\7446935a-de02-4252-8625-6db4f48dc6b4.jpg" /></p><p>with the property that <img src="6-8101912\2e1b7917-70e2-48e8-be33-ac4de59f76e3.jpg" /> for</p><p><img src="6-8101912\5f57e534-486d-436c-bd17-83eab2cb36c0.jpg" />and</p><p><img src="6-8101912\bb7a3d8d-2296-4be2-a69a-108a1318d180.jpg" />for</p><p><img src="6-8101912\d069c3eb-ca9a-4a10-b9af-eb6ad558936f.jpg" />.</p><p>Then there exists a <img src="6-8101912\7c03bd38-df97-4b28-87b9-0ddbd66dcfef.jpg" /> where <img src="6-8101912\b452889b-779d-4a11-b9e9-a8f0faf44e2b.jpg" /> such that<img src="6-8101912\a511b86f-e9ac-4707-b639-7dd2b72546f8.jpg" />. So that<img src="6-8101912\883149b0-9f92-4299-8a1f-31a96ed9f325.jpg" />, that is<img src="6-8101912\25760093-2b16-4d3c-b3cf-0f2990a28483.jpg" />.</p><p>Theorem 3.3. Let <img src="6-8101912\4a803ab8-f68c-4981-96f0-a9819156d4e3.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\b609a12c-3ef8-4acf-9c45-c59892dc8da0.jpg" /> be modulus functions that satisfy the <img src="6-8101912\f4a51b90-46e2-443e-9d1b-20a8a85a67c5.jpg" />-condition.If <img src="6-8101912\4c0d0b31-6b6e-4303-ba51-881f04c13c1e.jpg" /> is any of the spaces <img src="6-8101912\45336f53-7265-43e1-a5da-4e78d8a7dfb9.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\f10fb853-1571-4a5c-badc-c7fbb612c33c.jpg" /> etc, then the following assertions hold.</p><p>(i)<img src="6-8101912\b12d0181-4450-49d5-8420-db4b67f4ccf7.jpg" />,</p><p>(ii)<img src="6-8101912\f404acf9-9012-43d5-b7bb-8d355ff7f303.jpg" />.</p><p>Proof: (i) Let<img src="6-8101912\1a100168-1bcb-454d-9ba0-0609df41c786.jpg" />. Then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127942"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\e2e5f95b-450a-464c-b2a6-bce2f8768e32.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\b291b1ed-7fb7-473b-9549-1a3830204df0.jpg" /> and choose <img src="6-8101912\9485ddb2-e989-4def-b05d-e129fcae10d8.jpg" /> with <img src="6-8101912\6a4e5476-c79b-49f2-a275-cb4db5e1b177.jpg" /> such that <img src="6-8101912\c60fd00f-1db8-4d3b-9d66-80afc7079c23.jpg" /> for<img src="6-8101912\7fa91f78-0ffd-4421-9de5-3c621105df4f.jpg" />.</p><p>Write <img src="6-8101912\75457295-8c83-4310-9152-3447c92ebfa1.jpg" /> and consider</p><p><img src="6-8101912\b1b49448-9f09-4bd8-8fdb-1988aa9ff97c.jpg" /></p><p>We have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127943"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\8837a9d7-72e6-4394-a56f-b4e6dda2e681.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For<img src="6-8101912\2d11735d-db23-4f3b-be79-4ab593c0f970.jpg" />, we have<img src="6-8101912\45063bcc-bcf4-46c9-9090-a5f144eb7e93.jpg" />. Since f is non-decreasing,it follows that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\d1001082-b0df-45ea-8e21-f3d900e426e5.jpg" /></p><p>Since <img src="6-8101912\895de585-2268-4cf3-94fd-60d73ab93453.jpg" /> satisfies the <img src="6-8101912\bdf13b91-a31e-4f62-a019-10e03301c0a1.jpg" />-condition, we have</p><p><img src="6-8101912\722fe3a2-896f-4c9f-8e1a-a7c3622c1016.jpg" /></p><p>Hence</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127944"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\b90846e6-8989-485c-8834-e07479e8fbbb.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From (4), (5) and (6), we have<img src="6-8101912\e8ab8c9a-d607-4f3c-ad0b-7ad6ebddd6f3.jpg" />.</p><p>Thus<img src="6-8101912\7e11898d-1b3b-4bc6-976a-88a672429673.jpg" />. The other cases can be proved similarly.</p><p>(ii) Let<img src="6-8101912\2f99d7c4-c017-47ef-85dc-5f7749e37c59.jpg" />. Then</p><p><img src="6-8101912\55a1bd8c-4b4b-4b5a-a4af-cb9f1f40b53c.jpg" />and <img src="6-8101912\869bafe5-bf6c-45d9-a4f2-37d1728855b3.jpg" /></p><p><img src="6-8101912\9f0f01e8-5ccd-4af3-b25b-b0a7b28bd436.jpg" /></p><p>Therefore</p><p><img src="6-8101912\d49478e2-5c17-48af-9cea-f2d60bdbcdc4.jpg" /></p><p>which implies <img src="6-8101912\9bf47ea0-8ca1-4cb6-8729-de75be2c11bc.jpg" />that is</p><p><img src="6-8101912\9b8a6451-4df5-48d1-bcc6-96de2f74714f.jpg" /></p><p>Corollary 3.4. <img src="6-8101912\57530fb1-d70b-427f-af61-864542e5d0ce.jpg" />for<img src="6-8101912\6a69b810-7007-4dba-93bc-1c069e2c8ca3.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\deaffdff-f2cc-4478-bc73-20fc7895d1a0.jpg" /></p><p>Proof: The result can be easily proved using <img src="6-8101912\9ca94948-db81-4646-8344-b4d13889b61d.jpg" /> for<img src="6-8101912\bbd61b8a-3399-4a29-b9c3-2aaee3dd62b3.jpg" />.</p><p>Theorem 3.5. The spaces <img src="6-8101912\cc807d9d-33e4-488f-bab9-2956d6d835c4.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\a9e50719-2980-4e71-a640-5c1065b73124.jpg" /> are solid and monotone.</p><p>Proof: We shall prove the result for<img src="6-8101912\392c84fb-b85c-4928-9774-2003ddc8f806.jpg" />. Let<img src="6-8101912\ddc7e4de-e924-4386-a100-30de64214f69.jpg" />. Then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127945"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\5a185460-cf2f-4636-951e-9c7065121fee.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\76b889f8-7f9c-41d2-aa92-164f5547b1ed.jpg" /> be a sequence of scalars with <img src="6-8101912\a4c7c3e4-a860-47f9-b3d5-cb0e271c99dc.jpg" /> for all<img src="6-8101912\3f45b93a-dc8e-42d4-923c-c3c0e04ce003.jpg" />. Then we have</p><p><img src="6-8101912\2ea474d4-4ebf-4fde-87a1-1b4d3b9d7568.jpg" /></p><p>which implies that<img src="6-8101912\e9f571a2-81d8-43cb-967b-98810b9a7363.jpg" />.</p><p>Therefore the space <img src="6-8101912\ceb3f393-d4df-4f25-8dd3-17705c633b40.jpg" /> is solid. The space</p><p><img src="6-8101912\1d7171a4-a86c-4812-b45b-746423e554ac.jpg" />is monotone follows from Lemma (1). For</p><p><img src="6-8101912\0298c983-6350-408f-8f57-ae88e58c98ec.jpg" />the result can be proved similarly.</p><p>Theorem 3.6. The spaces <img src="6-8101912\95bb8bbc-4f89-4fe1-bd16-bbbd625d3d2b.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\fc053b24-601a-4c43-9cd5-c672cef8208e.jpg" /> are neither solid nor monotone in general.</p><p>Proof: Here we give a counter example.</p><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\a852113e-7a7d-49f9-bd63-cb4df7991bec.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\0eb8779e-3d7d-484e-afc1-164658614e47.jpg" /> for all <img src="6-8101912\a108e4ec-33dc-4286-ac2c-b2d522d8e8ec.jpg" /> Consider the K-step space <img src="6-8101912\6e0e1f17-7a76-4b9b-8519-49a87865c1f3.jpg" /> of X defined as follows, Let <img src="6-8101912\18816123-00f0-4c58-a283-cddb8a92e1b7.jpg" /> and let <img src="6-8101912\b97e0acb-3b37-418a-a8e2-d9308d76a0b5.jpg" /> be such that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\42f8cc73-6c47-4bab-b3ee-7bd0fe070810.jpg" /></p><p>Consider the sequence <img src="6-8101912\0db2dd19-9a87-4274-bbaa-ec470a27d910.jpg" /> defined by <img src="6-8101912\47ce34e5-2c11-4570-b9c1-3deefaa32826.jpg" /> for all<img src="6-8101912\74b9388c-9539-4942-a643-2cceff469e0f.jpg" />.</p><p>Then <img src="6-8101912\36ffb702-0748-4c5a-9fb7-d9ded5bb8be9.jpg" /> but its K-stepspace preimage does not belong to <img src="6-8101912\5e598f6b-24c9-4001-ad9a-3d3557110f10.jpg" /> Thus <img src="6-8101912\0ab6a85b-c489-40e5-ba99-001c2bebb5d3.jpg" /> is not monotone. Hence <img src="6-8101912\13526bad-6399-4bf3-8a36-f769a6f8fbd2.jpg" /> is not solid.</p><p>Theorem 3.7. The spaces <img src="6-8101912\c7c36a4a-ec08-41cd-91d3-a3885c6ff6a9.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\7a1aaad5-03d3-4868-8fc5-8e262a522954.jpg" /> are sequence algebras.</p><p>Proof: We prove that <img src="6-8101912\cda86e94-1989-4ad4-bd56-ede27fdd84ac.jpg" /> is a sequence algebra.</p><p>Let<img src="6-8101912\374c869f-69ac-4635-9cc1-3dcb71410534.jpg" />. Then</p><p><img src="6-8101912\eed75aa2-c56c-4fd0-bf35-b2ef896d4473.jpg" /></p><p>and</p><p><img src="6-8101912\e78d8b35-d724-4e55-8598-8dad2f84a08b.jpg" /></p><p>Then we have</p><p><img src="6-8101912\876a26f0-c5ca-4b19-8b36-2d4c3ef6f0be.jpg" /></p><p>Thus <img src="6-8101912\a04138cb-b6ca-439e-aef2-cee4e0d4af4e.jpg" /> is a sequence algebra.</p><p>For the space<img src="6-8101912\4286c15b-8dcd-44ac-93b6-7806da00301b.jpg" />, the result can be proved similarly.</p><p>Theorem 3.8. The spaces <img src="6-8101912\6ecd8c20-9fe7-4ad6-ac74-5162817256fd.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\4ce52140-b3f3-4a3b-92a0-19a50c583b2a.jpg" /> are not convergence free in general.</p><p>Proof: Here we give a counter example.</p><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\d017677b-b55f-4548-9213-3d43dbc85aac.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\207d799a-9af5-4622-8279-c65b5983dcb0.jpg" /> for all<img src="6-8101912\f6d21ead-2b33-493e-85ef-11396dbdf2b5.jpg" />. Consider the sequence <img src="6-8101912\ef6e4268-0e76-45a5-9075-3438465f1544.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\a5f2f1df-00b0-4ce1-a95b-120887f10ce0.jpg" /> defined by</p><p><img src="6-8101912\7b4e7a3c-fa5f-4f09-b53f-120aac8dc4ee.jpg" /></p><p>Then <img src="6-8101912\dbf25440-4752-4b57-b7ff-b9f36dfa5d05.jpg" /> and<img src="6-8101912\450b59ef-921e-4efd-897a-5ac0bb3d97ce.jpg" />, but <img src="6-8101912\2e36b4a1-6d70-46e9-92a9-b6e72e76f0de.jpg" /></p><p>and<img src="6-8101912\c953c067-6881-42ac-8c41-253df77ac8c3.jpg" />.</p><p>Hence the spaces <img src="6-8101912\c10fd14c-9a92-444f-8089-71e4e72f7a1b.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\c7d52bd7-2a8f-4f44-84a9-f417f5aeac5c.jpg" /> are not convergence free.</p><p>Theorem 3.9. If I is not maximal and<img src="6-8101912\c9668f98-edae-41c4-b37e-690b9769212b.jpg" />, then the spaces <img src="6-8101912\039df05b-7f1c-4528-98b1-17ddb0cf61cc.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\900895f7-6890-4374-81fe-bd9acecb4456.jpg" /> are not symmetric.</p><p>Proof: Let <img src="6-8101912\cc5ea7d1-383b-450e-970d-1c45f1b6014c.jpg" /> be infinite and <img src="6-8101912\30981ed1-3c32-49e0-8aec-614a087c96fe.jpg" /> for all <img src="6-8101912\4ad9a72d-dc42-4a96-aff3-abf73ad14b65.jpg" /></p><p>If</p><p><img src="6-8101912\8a118cb1-a474-484e-bd4e-44d966b9226c.jpg" /></p><p>Then by Lemma (3) we have<img src="6-8101912\0a19de83-fb3a-42a9-a52f-0fbc4ea005e7.jpg" />.</p><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\be9bad8b-75e6-4693-be0d-17af0cbef253.jpg" /> be such that <img src="6-8101912\79e47606-0578-42db-95b6-09f5d0450ad5.jpg" /> and<img src="6-8101912\3a702f51-d4a6-4fef-a155-2d8a2bc4fc3e.jpg" />.</p><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\20530728-3872-48f3-971b-9588e25e9f3a.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\43db5bac-3978-489a-b878-8181f0309991.jpg" /> be bijections, then the map <img src="6-8101912\ff38d4dd-4e70-42b8-b241-b393b1aafa08.jpg" /> defined by</p><p><img src="6-8101912\e5727c1e-7d65-4973-b248-c27fcfacccf5.jpg" /></p><p>is a permutation on<img src="6-8101912\0f9733a0-b9b7-45c0-9885-6961b95a8033.jpg" />, but <img src="6-8101912\bfeebeed-3443-4c9d-af66-d1acc9508925.jpg" /> and<img src="6-8101912\7b311b81-c516-4b4c-85ed-34b2a5a57a1b.jpg" />.</p><p>Hence <img src="6-8101912\7115317f-591a-4aed-875d-612afc0d6033.jpg" /> and <img src="6-8101912\bef29157-ad10-4706-a805-9d76e5c6187f.jpg" />are not symmetric.</p><p>Theorem 3.10. Let f be a modulus function. Then <img src="6-8101912\1386fee9-4e46-4a51-b30f-8d512c3813a5.jpg" /> and the inclusions are proper.</p><p>Proof: The inclusion <img src="6-8101912\1a13c886-8423-4072-bd4b-c31265a550a5.jpg" /> is obvious.</p><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\b2110d79-2147-4d41-95b3-3527251743d3.jpg" /> Then there exists <img src="6-8101912\b7b20066-2083-40f7-a3cc-72b4eb402e9e.jpg" /> such that</p><p><img src="6-8101912\361639ed-3d80-48e3-9403-4b6c688b76da.jpg" /></p><p>We have <img src="6-8101912\61b8b571-d361-4475-9e25-629b0b763161.jpg" /></p><p>Taking the supremum over <img src="6-8101912\21563ef9-ca78-48a9-b501-bd10b88b4400.jpg" /> on both sides we get<img src="6-8101912\de2025da-47dc-4693-9d60-5f7e2aeaab5d.jpg" />.</p><p>Next we show that the inclusion is proper.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127946"><label>(i)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\87358886-5449-4518-828e-31df1a857866.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Let <img src="6-8101912\bf1c91f7-09cf-4e3d-b94d-fabceebeb373.jpg" /> then <img src="6-8101912\c80d15c3-9526-4fde-98c4-66255d173fa0.jpg" /> for some<img src="6-8101912\2675ef23-fd00-4dd2-bc11-1dc4f56c248c.jpg" />, which implies <img src="6-8101912\f882df31-a8cf-4f29-a21e-234b530d11dc.jpg" /> Hence the inclusion is proper.</p><p>(ii) <img src="6-8101912\51a37838-f5af-4c2b-b7a2-0e6cd26798bf.jpg" />Let <img src="6-8101912\f47fe8ff-0aa8-4e04-9bed-2fd3e17cee4e.jpg" /> then</p><p><img src="6-8101912\a36e25ec-dc68-4bd1-9bcf-1a873e73f240.jpg" /></p><p>Therefore<img src="6-8101912\d5557cd2-983d-42bb-af62-589c8f113e67.jpg" />, and hence the inclusion is proper.</p><p>Theorem 3.11. The function <img src="6-8101912\55eba8e5-c328-4878-a9f6-a9a92927a1ad.jpg" /> is the Lipschitz function, where</p><p><img src="6-8101912\5ac82c2e-d61e-4a30-8347-51e9375590b9.jpg" />, and hence uniformly continuous.</p><p>Proof: Let<img src="6-8101912\81703498-dcee-4d91-acd1-185949c650ae.jpg" />. Then the sets</p><p><img src="6-8101912\1724a789-eddd-4d73-8a42-94da320d8692.jpg" /></p><p>Thus the sets,</p><p><img src="6-8101912\7525d226-2348-4e5d-9e47-59172b1a645a.jpg" /></p><p>Hence also<img src="6-8101912\22304ab3-805d-4131-9266-15191665ef2c.jpg" />, so that<img src="6-8101912\bafe43ab-af28-46d8-be44-8e454dd2a130.jpg" />.</p><p>Now taking <img src="6-8101912\93314d5f-dfe7-4c4f-a034-cc8a35e054dd.jpg" /> in<img src="6-8101912\fa74de64-49e7-4980-92c8-83e2ed33cac0.jpg" />,</p><p><img src="6-8101912\1bc72998-8be9-4ab1-9645-360e55b20cd7.jpg" /></p><p>Thus <img src="6-8101912\d9f70b8b-fe2b-4e5b-9d18-ef40f5cbc3e3.jpg" /> is a Lipschitz function. For <img src="6-8101912\371260c0-3c25-4895-b22f-6525e97c6687.jpg" /> the result can be proved similarly.</p><p>Theorem 3.12. If<img src="6-8101912\42aea12c-d6a9-4080-a3cd-58166a045212.jpg" />, then</p><p><img src="6-8101912\8a914f02-6870-4b42-930b-5724cc0f717f.jpg" />and<img src="6-8101912\7bf41600-543f-4ab8-86a5-22965f41b94d.jpg" />.</p><p>Proof: For <img src="6-8101912\217b9276-4a20-411c-8c8a-81e57110cd72.jpg" /></p><p><img src="6-8101912\005b5cb6-d620-4cae-85b5-ff3cb86319f9.jpg" /></p><p>Now,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.31823-formula127947"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="6-8101912\0166d1b3-6f7c-4949-a79e-0dc6fd0e3a5c.jpg"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>As<img src="6-8101912\98eb811e-ddd7-44ce-bc2c-b3263c955fcd.jpg" />, there exists an <img src="6-8101912\d0b41084-9e12-482d-b016-55ab07d36832.jpg" /> such that <img src="6-8101912\7c600aa0-cfa3-463f-8d80-24d2e052625d.jpg" /> and<img src="6-8101912\335ac1d8-53cd-4c15-83c4-779d4352f3d4.jpg" />.</p><p>Using Equation (8) we get</p><p><img src="6-8101912\2d17d61b-c769-4e55-ae10-5501cc87068f.jpg" /></p><p>For all<img src="6-8101912\c4db13f9-ba8d-41db-a023-74f243488175.jpg" />. 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