Singular perturbation problems are of common occurrence in fluid mechanics, quantum mechanics, optimal control, chemical reactor theory, aerodynamics, reaction-diffusion processes, geophysics. It is a well known fact that the singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problem posses boundary or interior layers i.e. regions of rapid change in the solution near the end points or some interior points with width O(1) as. In recent years, a large number of special methods have been developed to provide accurate numerical solutions. For details one may refer to the books of [1-5] and the references [6-11]. Many of these methods consist of: 1) dividing the problem into an inner region (boundary layer) problem and an outer region problem; 2) expressing the inner and outer solutions as asymptotic expansions; 3) equating various terms in the inner and outer expressions to determine the constants in these expressions; and 4) combining the inner and outer solutions in some fashion to obtain a uniformly valid solution. Typically, the inner region problems are obtained from the original problem by rescaling the independent variable. These techniques and their variations have been used successfully on a variety of linear and nonlinear singular perturbation problems. However, there can be difficulties in applying these methods, such as the matching of the coefficients of the inner and outer expansions. Success may depend on finding the proper scaling or the proper transformation to express the dependent and independent variables.

A non-asymptotic method, also called boundary-value technique, has been introduced by Roberts [12-14] to solve certain classes of singular perturbation problems. He also discussed the analytical and approximate solutions of several numerical examples. To the best of our knowledge, very few asymptotic solutions were established for boundary value problems [15,16]. In this paper, author studies the second order singularly perturbed twopoint boundary value problem with right end boundary layer via Liouville-Green transform and obtain asymptotic and numerical solutions. Few examples are also demonstrated for the applicability of the method.

Now, we discuss our method for singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problems with right-end boundary layer of the underlying interval. To be specific, we consider a class of singular perturbation problem of the form

with boundary conditions

and            (2)

where is a small positive parameter;, are known constants; we assume that, are assumed to be sufficiently continuously differentiable function in [0,1]. Furthermore, since the coefficient of is negative and non zero throughout the interval [0,1]. This assumption merely implies that the boundary layer will be in the neighborhood of x = 1.

Rewrite the Equation (1) as below:

Let the new Liouville-Green transforms be

According to (6), we have

From (3), (7) and (8), we obtain

i.e.

From (4), we have

i.e.

where

Since is a small parameter, and are sufficiently small on [0,1]. So, as, the right hand side of Equation (9) vanishes. Therefore, we have

Therefore, the approximate solutions of (10) are

where are two arbitrary constants. From (4)-(6), one has the asymptotic solutions of differential equations

where are two arbitrary constants.

As an application, we consider the following secondorder two-point boundary value problem 

Which is equivalent to

where are constants.

Applying the boundary conditions of (13), in (12), we have

One has

where

Then BVP (13) has the following asymptotic solution:

where are given by (14), (15) respectively.

Example 3.1. Consider the following singular perturbation problem

with and.        (18)

Clearly this problem has a boundary layer at x = 1. i.e.; at the right-end of the underlying interval. The exact solution is given by

Comparing (17) with (13), we have

The computational results are presented in Tables 1 and 2 for and 10⁻⁴, respectively. Figures 1 and 2 show our solution and exact solution for different values of x.

Example 3.2. We consider the following variable coefficient singular perturbation problem from Kevorkian and Cole [2, p. 33, Equations (2.3.26) and (2.3.27) with].

Table 1. Numerical results of example 3.1 with ε = 10⁻³, h = 10⁻³.

Table 2. Numerical results of example 3.1 with ε = 10⁻⁴, h = 10⁻⁴.

He has chosen to use uniformly valid approximation (which is obtained by the method given by Nayfeh [12, p. 148, Equation (4.2.32)] as our “exact” solution;

The numerical results are given in Tables 3 and 4 for and, respectively.

Comparing (20) with (13), we have

Table 3. Numerical results of example 3.2 with ε = 10⁻³, h = 10⁻³.

Table 4. Numerical results of example 3.2 with ε = 10⁻⁴, h = 10⁻⁴.

The computational results are presented in Tables 3 and 4 for and 10⁻⁴, respectively. Figures 3 and 4 show our solution and exact solution for different values of x.

In this paper, authors concerned with the numerical solutions of singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problems with right end boundary layer. Here they take the assumption that on the whole interval [0, 1], i.e. the function has same sign on the whole interval [0,1]. Our method is good on computer implementation. But this method is not valid if the equation is changed into

i.e. in no-homogeneous form.