AMApplied Mathematics2152-7385Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/am.2012.310175AM-23366ArticlesPhysics&Mathematics On the k–Lucas Numbers of Arithmetic Indexes ergioFalcon1*Department of Mathematics and Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain)* E-mail:sfalcon@dma.ulpgc.es11102012031012021206January 23, 2012September 5, 2012 June 12, 2012© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

In this paper, we study the k–Lucas numbers of arithmetic indexes of the form an+r , where n is a natural number and r is less than r. We prove a formula for the sum of these numbers and particularly the sums of the first k-Lucas numbers, and then for the even and the odd k-Lucas numbers. Later, we find the generating function of these numbers. Below we prove these same formulas for the alternated k-Lucas numbers. Then, we prove a relation between the k–Fibonacci numbers of indexes of the form 2rn and the k–Lucas numbers of indexes multiple of 4. Finally, we find a formula for the sum of the square of the k-Fibonacci even numbers by mean of the k–Lucas numbers.

k–Fibonacci Numbers; k–Lucas Numbers; Generating Function1. Introduction

Let us remember the k-Lucas numbers Lk,n are defined [1] by the recurrence relation with the initial conditions

Among other properties, the Binnet Identity establishes being and the characteristic roots of the recurrence equation.

Evidently,.

Moreover, it is verified [1, Theorem 2.4] that.

If we apply iteratively the equation then we will find a formula that relates the k–Lucas numbers to the k–Fibonacci numbers:

This formula is similar to the Convolution formula for the k–Fibonacci numbers [2,3].

Moreover, we define. Then, if we do p = −n in Formula (1.1) obtain

.

2. On the k-Lucas Numbers of Arithmetic Index

We begin this section with a formula that relates each other some k-Lucas numbers.

2.1. Theorem 1 (The k-Lucas Numbers of Arithmetic Index)

If a is a nonnull natural number and r = 0, 1, 2, ... a − 1, then

Proof. In [4] it is proved

.

Then

If r = 0, then

In this case, if a = 2p + 1, then an odd k-Lucas number can be expressed in the form

Applying iteratively Formula (2.1), the general term, for, can be written like a non-linear combination of the form

In particular, if m = n, then

2.2. Generating Function of the Sequence {L<sub>k, an + r</sub>}

Let be the generating function of the sequence. That is,

Then,

and

from where no more to take into account Formula (2.1). So, the generating function of the sequence is

.

As particular case, if a = 1, then r = 0 and the generating function of the k-Lucas sequence is , that, for the classical Lucas sequence is

If we want to take out the two bisection sequences of the classical Lucas sequence (k = 1), the respective generating functions are a = 2 and r = 0: that generates the sequence a = 2 and r = 1: that generates the sequence.

2.3. Theorem 2 (Sum of the k-Lucas Numbers of Arithmetic Index)

If a is a nonnull natural number and r = 0, 1, 2, ... a − 1, then

Proof.

because

and after applying the formula for the sum of a geometric progression.

2.4. Corollary 1 (Sum of Consecutive Odd k-Lucas Numbers)

If r = 0 and a = 2p + 1, Equation (2.2) is

In this case, the sum of the first k-Lucas numbers is (for p = 0),

that for the classical Lucas numbers is

2.5. Corollary 2 (Sum of Consecutive Even k-Lucas Numbers)

If r = 0 and a = 2p, then Equation (2.2) is

In this case, if p = 1 we obtain the formula for the sum of the first even k-Lucas numbers, and for the classical Lucas numbers is

2.6. Theorem 3 (Sum of Alternated k-Lucas Numbers of Arithmetic Index)

For a > 0 and r = 0, 1, 2, ...a − 1, the sum of alternated k-Lucas numbers is

Proof. As in the previous theorem,

2.7. Corollary 3 (Sum of Consecutive Alternated Odd k-Lucas Numbers)

As particular case, if a = 2p + 1 and r = 0,

Then, for p = 0 we obtain the sum of the first alternated k-Lucas numbers

, that for the classical Lucas numbers is

.

2.8. Corollary 4 (Sum of Consecutive Alternated Even k-Lucas Numbers)

If r = 0 and a = 2p + 1, then

And for the first consecutive alternated even k-Lucas numbers

that for the classical Lucas numbers is

.

3. On the k-Fibonacci Numbers of Indexes n and the k-Lucas Numbers

In this section we will study a relation between the numbers and.

3.1. Theorem 4 (A Relation between Some k-Fibonacci and the k-Lucas Numbers)

For r ≥ 1, it is

Proof.

In particular, if r = 1, it is

Taking into account, if we expand Formula (3.1), we find that this formula can be expressed as or, that is the same,

Then, applying Formula (2.2) to the second hand right of this equation with, a = 4n, and r = 3n for the first term and r = n for the second,

We tray to simplify the second hand right of this equation. For that, we will prove the following Lemma.

3.2. Lemma 1

Proof. We will apply the following formulas:

(relation)

(negative)

(convolution)

(definition)

Then:

(by relation)

(by convolution)

(by negative)

(by definition)

And applying this Lemma to Equation (3.2), we will have:

that is

from where

If in Equation (3.3) it is a = 0, then it is , and applying the Formulas (2.5) and (2.4),

That is

In particular, for the classical Lucas numbers (k = 1), it is.

4. Acknowledgements

This work has been supported in part by CICYT Project number MTM200805866-C03-02 from Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain.

REFERENCESReferencesS. Falcon, “On the k-Lucas Numbers,” International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 21, 2011, pp. 1039-1050 S. Falcon and A. Plaza, “On the Fibonacci k-Numbers,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2007, pp. 1615-1624. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2006.09.022S. Falcon and A. Plaza, “The k-Fibonacci Sequence and the Pascal 2-Triangle,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2007, pp. 38-49. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2006.10.022S. Falcon and A. Plaza, “On k-Fibonacci Numbers of Arithmetic Indexes,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 208, 2009, pp. 180-185 doi:10.1016/j.amc.2008.11.031