We review the semiclassical method proposed in [1], a generalization of this method for n-dimensional system is presented. Using the cited method, we present an analytical method of obtain the semiclassical Husimi Function. The validity of the method is tested using Harmonic Oscillator, Morse Potential and Dikie’s Model as example, we found a good accuracy in the classical limit.
Since early times of quantum theory, some quantization difficulties of non integrable systems were pointed by Einstein [2,3]. Recently, due to the pioneer discoveries of classically chaotic systems, the subject has yielded many interesting and important results both from the point of view of numerical models and (not as many) analytical proofs [4-6]. Also in this direction, the phenomena of scar [7-11] drew much attention. They showed that the Hamiltonians eigenfunctions of chaotic systems exhibit “scars” around unstable periodic orbit. An question that appears from those analyses is related to chaotic manifestation of classical chaos over the eigenfunctions in terms of quantities that are base independent [12-15]. In opposition, it has been reported that scars can exist in regions where there are no periodic orbits [16]. The search for classical “imprints” than the celebrated phenomena of scars on eigenfunctions of quantum systems with classical analog has also gained a lot of attention.
In the present contribution we begin by generalizing the semiclassical expansion [1] for n-dimensional system. The semiclassical expansion is built in a way that the first order wave function contains the classical dynamics for the system in question as completely as possible, in the sense that the dominant term is given only in terms of classical trajectories. Higher order contributions contain essentially quantum effects and make possible a precise identification of a classical behavior in the quantum dynamics for short times. We use this expansion to obtain the semiclassical Husimi distributions of simple systems.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3 we present the method, we closely follow ref. [1]. In Section 4 we present a method of determining a semiclassical Husimi function. Section 7 contains conclusions.
2. The Semiclassical Expansion
Let us consider a classical one degree of freedom Hamiltonian of the form
where p stands for the particle momentum and q for its position. We make a change of variables
where
The Hamiltonian can then be rewritten as
with.
We can write as a Taylor expansion,
where.
The classical equations of motions are
We choose the quantum Hamiltonian in order to have, if is a coherent field state.
We make our semiclassical expansion around a quantum operator. The difference
will be considered as a perturbation. We choose the semiclassical Hamiltonian, , in a way that for a coherent initial state, all expectation values of point classical observables will be precisely reproduced.
The semiclassical Hamiltonian which satisfies this condition is [1]:
We can write the semiclassical evolution operator for an one degree of freedom, observing that
where is the well known displacement operator
and is given by 5, 6 and
Thus, for the N dimensional case we have
(9)
where, and is the semiclassical evolution operator related to the k-th degree of freedom, note that it depends solely on but in general we have
The phase is given by
where is the classical Lagrangian of the (independent) systems. In equation (9) we chose = 01, what can be done choosing a specific form of the semiclassical Hamiltonian, see [1]. A generalization for SU(2) algebra or for any subspace where coherent states can be included, is immediate. The action of the semiclassical evolution operator over a coherent state can always be written as [17]
where
In general is a function of all. In the next sections we use the fact that the labels of coherent states follow the classical trajectories.
3. Time Evolution
We consider a two degrees of freedom system, which the complete Hamiltonian is given by
where represent the autonomous dynamics of the degree of freedom 1 (2) and is their interaction. The semiclassical Hamiltonian has the following form2
and by definition we have
As discussed in section II we rewrite the Hamiltonian (12) in the following form where . We make a perturbation expansion about Using Schrödinger’s equation, where we will always use as initial state and are coherent states. Thus, after some straightforward algebraic manipulations [1] we get
where The general problem of convergence of the serie (14) is an open problem. The convergence of the method was demonstrated for the quartic oscilator [1] and there is strong evidence of it for chaotic Dikie model [18], then it is reasonable to assume that the method is convergent at least to a group of non-integrable systems.
4. Husimi’s Quantum Phase Space Distribution
The Q-function or Husimi’s function is, see refs. [4,19], defined by:
is a density operator, and is the harmonic coherent state according to the definitions:
q and p are position and momentum operator respectively, and the mean is calculated in the coherent state From this definition, we are able to write the Husimi function as
is the system Hamiltonian eigenfunction, and is the harmonic coherent state in three dimensions , it is given by
where, , is the momentum related with, and
For the simplest case of the Harmonic Oscillator, using equation [15], the Husimi Function for an eigenstate, n, can be written as:
In terms of Q and P, we have
4.1. Husimi Function for the Morse Potential
The Morse potential is used to model diatomic molecules, it is defined as :
where
The values are the equilibrium position of the center of mass, is the reduced mass of the two atoms and r is the distance between the atoms. The constant D defines the minimum value o the potential wich is. The constant determines the potential range. The Hamiltonian that describes the center of mass can be written as:
where L is the angular momentum. The time independent Schrödinger equation is:
We can write the wavefunction as
where is the spherical harmonics:
For L = 0 case we find the eigenvalues:
where and
(31)
and for the eigenfunctions:
A1 is fixed by normalization, is the gamma function.
Following the definition (20), we obtain the Husimi the Function [20] as
where. The exact Husimi function is obtained by numerically integration of (33).
4.2. Semiclassical Husimi’s Function
The semiclassical expansion, as defined above, gives us the time evolution of a quantum state as a perturbative expansion. An eigenstate has only a time dependent phase as its dynamics. The nearest semiclassical scenario we can build is to choose a coherent state with the same energy. The time dependence can be eliminated by a time integration, i.e., a mean in time. This integration can be justified noting that as we are dealing with eigenstates we have not time precision. Under this considerations we may write the semiclassical Husimi function as
The states and are coherent states of the harmonic oscillator. is defined as
andwhere x and are parameters of the Husimi Function, and correspond to the classical canonical conjugate pairs redefined as in Equations (16) and (17). In case of classical mixed dynamics we must perform a mean considering all possible initial condition with the same specific energy. We should also use adequate coherent state base for each algebra. This semiclassical Husimi function is calculated by taking a long time mean, formally we write it as
As we known, classically chaotic systems stay longer times [4] near a stable or unstable periodic orbit. In our numerical calculation it means that this region has a huge contribution in the mean (35) or (34). Easily we can show that
The semiclassical Husimi distributions is determined by the classical trajectory solely. In general the semiclassical Husimi function is obtained by numerical methods, it is the case of all chaotic model.
4.2.1. Morse Potential
For the Morse potential, with L = 0, we obtain the classical trajectory [20] as:
We also have, and we can choose and choosing the energy as into (36) to obtain the semiclassical Husimi function. The mean (35) is obtained by a numerical integration. In Figure 1 we show the approximated semiclassical Husimi for the Morse potential with the parameters of the molecule, for. In Figure 2 we have the exact result, Figure 3 shows the semiclassical Husimi function for n = 1 and Figure 4 the exact result, details about exact calculation can be found in ref. [20]. As we can observe in this Figures 1-4, the semiclassical Husimi function does not reproduce exactly the Husimi function, but it regards some similarities. Notice that the main region is located in the same phase space area for the exact and semiclassical Husimi function.
4.2.2. Harmonic Oscillator
Now consider the Harmonic potential with a natural frequency, its classical dynamics is given by
and
We redefined Q and P in a such way that the Hamiltonian can be written as
Substituting (38) and (39) into (36) we obtain a semiclassical Husimi Function for the Harmonic oscillator with an energy. Without any loss of generality we can use, and. In Figure 5 we show the approximated and exact Husimi function for the Harmonic potential for n = 5. Figure 6 shows the semiclassical and exact Husimi function for n = 100. Again the mean (35) is obtained numerically.
4.2.3. Dickie Model
In the Figures 1 to 7 we have used classical integrable models, although that our approach is also useful for non-integrable thus let us take a look in Dikie model [21], his quantum Hamiltonian is
where
is the harmonic oscillator natural frequency, is precession frequency, G and are coupling constants.
In the harmonic term of (42) and are bosonic anihilation and creation operators of harmonic oscillator, is the angular momentum operator in k direction and. In order to obtain the Semiclassical Husimi function for the Dickie model we have to integrate numerically the corresponding classical equations of motion and calculate the mean (35).
In Figure 7 we show the semiclassical Wigner function of ground state of Dickie model [21] in an integrable regime. In Figure 8 we have the semiclassical Wigner function for Dickie model in a non-integrable regime. Comparing with exact Wigner3 function that can be found in ref. [21], we see that semiclassical Husimi function contains the main information about the exact one. A detailed semiclassical analysis of Dickie’s model can be found in [18,22]. In [18] they show a numerical evidence of the expansion convergence for the Dickie’s model.
4.2.4. The Quality of the Approximation
Now we quantify the quality of the approximation using the function, which is defined as
where H is the exact Husimi function and Hsc is the semiclassical Husimi function. Due to the symmetry we have chosen p = 0. As we increase the principal quantum number (n), in the classical limit, we hope we have. In order to see the classical limit, let us define the function, which is
Suppose we have. It means that quantum description of the state, in the Husimi’s representation, is almost contained in the semiclassical one. In spite of that we can say that the quantum classical difference becomes smaller, as expected. Of course it does not mean that we have no quantum features4, it only means that Husimi is not a good observable for this situation [23]. Figure 9 shows say that the approximation works better as we increase the principal quantum number, as expected. From these figures we may conclude that the classical ingredient is very strong on the state formation of regular systems. In other words,those figures suggests that scars are essentially a classical manifestation in the quantum system since the building blocks of the semiclassical Husimi are classical trajectories.
5. Conclusion
We show that the semiclassical Husimi function reproduces the major features of the quantum one, in the particular harmonic case, we show that the first semiclassical term is able to reproduce the Husimi function with a increasing accuracy as we increase the principal quantum number n. We must remark that there is no demonstration that would suggest an existence of the limit procedure which turns quantum corrections less important in terms of the proposed semiclassical expansion. The building blocks of semiclassical Husimi Function are the classical trajectories, then we can conclude that classical periodic orbits (stable or unstable) contribute with higher weight. The fidelity decay rate has a gaussian regime that is only perturbation potential dependent, although its validity is determined by.
6. Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Fapesb for partial financial support. The author also acknowledge, A. R. Bosco de Magalhaes, M. C. Nemes, Fernanda Alves de Oliveira for helpful comments.
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.
as a Taylor expansion,
.
in order to have
, if 
is a coherent field state.
. The difference
, in a way that for a coherent initial state, all expectation values of point classical observables will be precisely reproduced.
is the well known displacement operator
is given by 5, 6 and 
(9)
and 
is the semiclassical evolution operator related to the k-th degree of freedom, note that it depends solely on 
but in general we have
is given by
is the classical Lagrangian of the (independent) systems. In equation (9) we chose 
= 01, what can be done choosing a specific form of the semiclassical Hamiltonian, see [
is a function of all
. In the next sections we use the fact that the labels of coherent states follow the classical trajectories.
represent the autonomous dynamics of the degree of freedom 1 (2) and 
is their interaction. The semiclassical Hamiltonian has the following form2
where 
. We make a perturbation expansion about 
Using Schrödinger’s equation, where we will always use as initial state 
and 
are coherent states. Thus, after some straightforward algebraic manipulations [
The general problem of convergence of the serie (14) is an open problem. The convergence of the method was demonstrated for the quartic oscilator [
is a density operator, and 
is the harmonic coherent state according to the definitions:
From this definition, we are able to write the Husimi function as
is the system Hamiltonian eigenfunction, and 
is the harmonic coherent state in three dimensions , it is given by
, 
, 
is the momentum related with
, and
values are the equilibrium position of the center of mass, 
is the reduced mass of the two atoms and r is the distance between the atoms. The constant D defines the minimum value o the potential wich is
. The constant 
determines the potential range. The Hamiltonian that describes the center of mass can be written as:
is the spherical harmonics:
and
(31)
is the gamma function.
. The exact Husimi function is obtained by numerically integration of (33).
and 
are coherent states of the harmonic oscillator. 
is defined as
and
where x and 
are parameters of the Husimi Function, 
and 
correspond to the classical canonical conjugate pairs redefined as in Equations (16) and (17). In case of classical mixed dynamics we must perform a mean considering all possible initial condition with the same specific energy. We should also use adequate coherent state base for each algebra. This semiclassical Husimi function is calculated by taking a long time mean, formally we write it as
, and we can choose 
and choosing the energy as 
into (36) to obtain the semiclassical Husimi function. The mean (35) is obtained by a numerical integration. In 
molecule, for
. In 
, its classical dynamics is given by
. Without any loss of generality we can use
, and
. In 
is the harmonic oscillator natural frequency, 
is precession frequency, G and 
are coupling constants.
and 
are bosonic anihilation and creation operators of harmonic oscillator, 
is the angular momentum operator in k direction and
. In order to obtain the Semiclassical Husimi function for the Dickie model we have to integrate numerically the corresponding classical equations of motion and calculate the mean (35).
, which is defined as
. In order to see the classical limit, let us define the function
, which is
. It means that quantum description of the state
, in the Husimi’s representation, is almost contained in the semiclassical one. In spite of that we can say that the quantum classical difference becomes smaller, as expected. Of course it does not mean that we have no quantum features4, it only means that Husimi is not a good observable for this situation [
say that the approximation works better as we increase the principal quantum number, as expected. From these figures we may conclude that the classical ingredient is very strong on the state formation of regular systems. In other words,those figures suggests that scars are essentially a classical manifestation in the quantum system since the building blocks of the semiclassical Husimi are classical trajectories.
.