Dielectric relaxation and spontaneous polarization studies have been carried out in a low molar mass organosiloxane liquid crystal, TSi10PPBN4 which displays a wide temperature range of de Vries Smectic A* and chiral Smectic C* phases. The temperature variation of the permittivity and dielectric loss studied are found to have anomalous variations in the vicinity of the phase transitions. The frequency variation of permittivity and dielectric loss are also studied in the de Vries Smectic A* and Smectic C* phases. The relaxation frequency, f
R is found to decrease with decreasing temperature. Temperature variation of fR is found to follow an Arrhenius shift from which the activation energy is estimated. The thermal variation of the spontaneous polarization, Ps is measured using the polarization reversal technique in the Smectic C* phase. Ps increases initially, reaches a peak value and then drops drastically in the vicinity of the SmC*-SmA*de Vries phase transition.
Amongst the wide variety of experimental methods used to study the molecular dynamics of liquid crystals (LCs), the low frequency dielectric spectroscopy assumes special importance due to the utility of the relevant data in electro-optic devices. These LC devices are known to operate in the frequency region of a few Hz to several MHz that involves different modes of their molecular motions. Since these molecular motions involve both collective and non-collective types, dielectric spectroscopy is evolving as a powerful tool for the study of performance of LCs in devices. Measurement of the LC dielectric response enables one to determine the relaxation time, which is an important dynamical quantity of the molecules.
The discovery of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) and the advent of C*-based surface stabilized geometry [1] with sub microsecond switching speed has further opened up a diverging field of applications in fast LC electro-optic switching devices such as the optical modulators, spatial light modulators, high definition displays, etc. The key point in their application is exclusively based on our understanding of their molecular motion in response to an applied field. However, as they belong to the class of thermotropic LC phases, it is equally important to study the influence of temperature on the underlying orientation order (like the C* tilt angle and the spontaneous polarization Ps) in the liquid crystalline phase of devise interest. The tilt angle in the Smectic C* (SmC*) phase with respect to the smectic layer normal is considered as the primary order parameter, while the spontaneous polarization is considered as the secondary order parameter. The data obtained from dielectric and optical studies provide a further directive for the preferred design and synthesis of FLC material with an optimized performance.
The flexible terminal tail groups of most of the FLCs are reported to possess prevalently an alkyl or alkoxy chains (as methyline units consist of hydrogen atoms) at the flexible ends. Replacement of the alkyl chains with either fluorocarbons or siloxy units is also reported [2-4] for the optimization of their performance in devices. Replacement of alkyl chains partially with dimethylsyloxane groups is found[5,6] to enhance the thermal stability of the underlying smectic phase and to lower the transition temperatures towards ambient temperature. Dimethylsiloxane groups are bulky and exhibit comparatively irregular configurations than the alkyl (or alkoxy) end chain counterparts. As a result, a reduced coupling between the neighboring mesogenic moieties (within a layer or over the layers) is anticipated. Thus, the reduced coupling between the neighboring mesogens favors the formation [7] of a de Vries type Smectic A* (SmA*de Vries) phase. In these de Vries phase materials, the molecules are tilted with respect to the layer normal. The tilt in de Vries phases does not possess[7] long-range correlation. Hence, the averaged optic axis of the material is configured normal to the smectic layer. As the chiral SmC* phase is a layered structured phase made up of chiral molecules, it is attributed to contain a modulated structure of the director (i.e., while going from one layer to the neighboring layer along the layer normal). As a result, a striped microscopic texture appears revealing the presence of a super structure (a helix) in the sample. This helix need to be deformed (unwound by the application of external fields) as to harness the polarization to design a switching in a device. Due to the presence of chiral molecules, SmC* phase exhibits ferroelectric properties.
In this paper, we report the results of the dielectric and spontaneous polarization studies carried out in a monomeric low molar mass organosiloxane liquid crystal material, viz., TSi10PBN4 which exhibits wide temperature ranges for SmA*de Vries and SmC* phases. After the general introduction, details of the experimental techniques used for the present study is presented in the second section. The results of the dielectric relaxation studies and the spontaneous polarization are presented in the third section. The results are discussed in the next section followed by summary and conclusion.
2. Experimental2.1. Material
TSi10PBN4 was synthesized following the earlier reported[8] procedure. The chemical formula of the compound is given in Figure 1.
An Olympus (BH-2) polarizing microscope in conjunction with a Linkam (TMS 94) heating stage was used for the microscopic textural observations. The cooling and heating rates followed during the microscopic studies are 0.5˚C per minute.
Microscopic textural observations confirmed the following phase sequence:
The compound is found to exhibit practically invariant phase transition temperatures as well as identical phase sequence over repeated cycles of heating and cooling. These observations reflect upon the stability and purity of the sample.
2.2. Dielectric and Spontaneous Polarization Measurements
Commercially available (Device Tech Inc., USA) cells made up of a pair of transparent polyamide buffed glass plates of 10 mm separation were used for the dielectric studies. The LC was introduced into the cell by capillary action in its high temperature isotropic state. During the filling, the cell was observed through a polarizing microscope, with crossed polarizer configuration to ensure the homogeneous alignment of the sample. The cell was placed in a special oven, and the temperature was stabilized to ±0.1˚C with a Linkam TMS 94 temperature controller. The experimental studies were carried out by heating the sample to an initial temperature of around 5oC higher than its clearing temperature in to isotropic state, followed by its slow cooling (about 0.5˚C per minute) to the temperature of interest in the liquid crystalline phases.
The dielectric permittivity and the loss factor measurements were carried out in the frequencies range of 5 Hz to 13 MHz using a Hewlett Packard Impedance Analyzer (HP-LF 4192A) in conjunction with an HP-16047C Test Fixture Kit. The empty cell was calibrated with standard organic solvents like Benzene and the leads permittivity was determined at room temperature. was found to be invariant with temperature within the range of the present investigation.
The spontaneous polarization was measured using a triangular wave (60 Vp-p) of 12 Hz frequency by the polarization reversal technique [6].
3. Results and Discussion3.1. Dielectric Permittivity
The temperature variation of the dielectric permittivity and the dielectric loss are studied using 1 V oscillating level at 100 kHz frequency as a function of temperature. The temperature variation of permittivity is not associated with any abrupt change in the vicinity of any of the phase transitions, as observed in some other LCs [9,10].
We have therefore estimated the temperature derivative of permittivity and the results are presented in Figure 2. The temperatures at which abrupt variations occur are considered to be the transition temperature. The SmA*de Vries to isotropic transition at 100˚C and the SmC* to SmA*de Vries at 27˚C observed form the low frequency dielectric measurements agree with microscopic textural observations given in experimental section.
3.2. Dielectric Relaxation Studies
The observed frequency variation (5 to 13 MHz) of permittivity, and the loss factor from the impedance analyzer (at a given temperature T in the phase of interest) are used to estimate the dielectric loss,. The dielectric loss is estimated by multiplying with. An a.c. sinusoidal wave of 1 Vp-p with variable frequency is used for the studies. The dielectric relaxation studies are carried out in the SmA*de Vries and SmC* phases at different specified temperatures. The dielectric loss spectra (i.e., the frequency variation of the loss) studied at different temperatures in the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases are presented in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
It has been observed that the dielectric loss exhibits a peak in the low frequency region, in both SmA*de Vries and SmC* phases. The frequency at which the dielectric loss attains maximum value is identified as the relaxation frequency fR.
The relaxations in SmC* phase are reported to be associated with [11-13] with two different types, viz., one around few hundred Hz and the other in the MHz region. The former is reported to correspond to the Goldstone mode relaxation, which is related to the reorientation of the molecular transverse moment to the field. The latter MHz relaxation (high frequency) corresponds to the soft mode relaxation process, which is related to the reorientation of the longitudinal molecular dipole moment to the
field. It may be noticed that the present studies are not accompanied with any soft mode relaxations. The present case of absence of soft mode relaxation in any of the smectic phases is argued as due to the de Vries phase structure, where the long-range order conspicuously is lacking, while tilt is a local order.
It is also observed that the relaxation frequency fR shifts to the lower frequency side with the decreasing temperature in both of the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases (Figure 5).
3.3. Spontaneous Polarization
The temperature variation of spontaneous polarization (Ps) in the SmC* phase was obtained [6] from the area under the polarization-reversal current peak when a triangular wave is applied to the specimen. The temperature variation of Ps reflecting the secondary order parameter is presented in Figure 5. It has been observed that Ps increases initially, reaches a peak value and then drops drastically in the vicinity of the SmC*-SmA*de Vries phase transition. The maximum value Ps is found be as high as over 100 nC/cm2. This high value of Ps is comparable [3] to the values measured in other organosiloxane liquid crystals and is attributed to the presence of organosiloxane end chain.
4. Discussion
The observed temperature variation of the relaxation frequency is analyzed through the corresponding Arrhenius plots [10,14] in figures 6 and 7. The estimated activation energy is found to be 6.37 ± 0.20 eV in the SmC* phase and 1.90 ± 0.10 eV in the SmA*de Vries phases. This activation energy is found to be on the higher side of the reported [9,15] values. The relatively higher value of the activation energy is suggestive of the higher potential barrier witnessed by the molecular dipole moment to orient to the field characteristic of organosiloxane end chains promoting greater disorder on the LC molecular frame.
In chiral de Vries Smectic-A materials [15], the alignment of the optic axis can be controlled with an electric field [7,16]. The mechanism responsible for the tilting of the optic axis is different from that of the normal Electroclinic Effect observed in chiral Smectic A materials. In the de Vries Smectic A* materials, the molecules are tilted with respect to the layer normal, but there is no long-range correlation between the directions of the tilt. The orientation of the long axis of the molecules is uniformly distributed on a cone with its cone angle equal to twice the molecular tilt. The optic axis of the material, which is considered to be the average molecular orientation, is therefore normal to the layers. Hence, the symmetry of the phase is that of an ordinary Smectic A phase. However, as a local order (within a small volume) in the range of the correlation length prevails between the two physically equivalent directions of the molecular tilt.
As the molecule possesses a chiral centre and organized in tilted configuration on a short-range scale, a polarization results in the plane of the layer and normal to the local tilt direction. Due to the uniform distribution of the local tilt, there is no net macroscopic polarization. The application of an electric field along the layer planes of the layers thus favors the molecular re-orientation, so that the induced polarization would be to align to the field. Therefore, the field produces a biased distribution of molecular tilt with respect to the average optic axis. This variation in tilt produces considerable variation in birefringence (with the applied field) as a characteristic feature of the SmA*de Vries phase. The tilt increases with increasing field until all the molecules have the same direction of tilt (so that the polarization is parallel to the
field). The tilt of the optic axis increases with the field and saturates at an angle equal to the molecular tilt. A defined restraint over this de Vries phase is that such a variation in tilt should not be accompanied with the expected variation in the smectic layer spacing. However, this leads to a large induced tilt angle, possibly as a preferred aspect in devices. Furthermore, the observed steep increase of Ps in SmA*de Vries phase for a temperature > 27˚C is found to agree with the detailed mechanism for its realization.
5. Summary and Conclusions
From the present study it may be concluded that:
1) Thermal microscopic studies could reveal the occurrence of SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases in the material studied.
2) Dielectric parameter studied as a function of temperature can be used to determine the phase transitions temperature in LCs. Although, a phase transition is not accompanied with an abrupt change in dielectric parameter, the anomaly associated with its temperature derivative could be a tool to identify the phase transitions involving LC phases.
3) The frequency variation of permittivity and the loss factor TanD studied at different temperatures in both of the the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases is useful to determine the relaxation frequency fR. The temperature variation in fR (shifting to the lower frequency side) in both of the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases suggests the involvement of activation energy reflecting the strength of the potential barrier. Activation energy is found to be higher in de Vries phases than in ordinary LC phases.
4) The spontaneous polarization increases initially, which attains a peak value, while it drops drastically as the SmA*de Vries phase sets in.
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doi:10.1080/15421400490434937
and the loss factor 
measurements were carried out in the frequencies range of 5 Hz to 13 MHz using a Hewlett Packard Impedance Analyzer (HP-LF 4192A) in conjunction with an HP-16047C Test Fixture Kit. The empty cell was calibrated with standard organic solvents like Benzene and the leads permittivity 
was determined at room temperature. 
was found to be invariant with temperature within the range of the present investigation.
and the loss factor 
from the impedance analyzer (at a given temperature T in the phase of interest) are used to estimate the dielectric loss,
. The dielectric loss 
is estimated by multiplying 
with
. An a.c. sinusoidal wave of 1 Vp-p with variable frequency is used for the studies. The dielectric relaxation studies are carried out in the SmA*de Vries and SmC* phases at different specified temperatures. The dielectric loss spectra (i.e., the frequency variation of the loss) studied at different temperatures in the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases are presented in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
and the loss factor TanD studied at different temperatures in both of the the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases is useful to determine the relaxation frequency fR. The temperature variation in fR (shifting to the lower frequency side) in both of the SmC* and SmA*de Vries phases suggests the involvement of activation energy reflecting the strength of the potential barrier. Activation energy is found to be higher in de Vries phases than in ordinary LC phases.