Oalib Open Access Library Journal 2333-9721 2333-9705 Scientific Research Publishing 10.4236/oalib.1116014 Oalib-154840 Article Biomedical Life Sciences Business Economics Chemistry Materials Science Computer Science Communications Earth Environmental Sciences Engineering Medicine Healthcare Physics Mathematics Social Sciences Humanities Determination of Wood Density of Selected Plant Species from the Luki Biosphere Reserve in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for Reforestation Muisangie Jeannette Luboya 1 2 Ongala Denis Lopema 1 3 Zola Marie Tuluenga 4 Bigabwa Don de Dieu Mulunda 1 Muturi Willy Samuel 1 Impofi Jean Claude Liyandja 1 Ongala Francis Onangomo 3 Nsimba Ali Lemba 5 Hamisi Pacifique Irenge Lya 1 6 Mbenza Therese Mabondo 1 Mankaru Dieu Merci Efa 1 Wasam Bertin Dingadia 1 Masonga Forturnette Kombo 1 Salamu Stephanie Songolo 1 7 Lituli Thouthou Bonganga 2 Falanga Junior Matondo 1 8 Tango Eustache Kidikwadi 2 Mpia Patience Ngelinkoto 1 9 Ayingweu Constatin Lubini 2 Center for Water and Environmental Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Higher Pedagogical and Technical Institute of Lusambo, Lusambo, Democratic Republic of the Congo Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and Renewable Energy, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Interdisciplinary Research Center, National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo General Secretariat for Regional Integration, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo National Institute of Building and Public Works, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Higher Institute of Education of Mbandaka, Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo Faculty of Science and Technology, National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

 08 10 2026 10 2026 13 10 1 10 08 10 2026 © 2026 by the authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2026 This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1116014

This study was conducted on wood fragments of the forest species Canarium schweinfurthii, Gilletiodendron kisantuense, Milicia excelsa, Rauvolfia vomitoria, andRicinodendron heudelotii, collected from the Luki Biosphere Reserve in Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the aim of determining the wood density of the different plant species under study. These parameters were determined using an experimental method involving oven-drying and water displacement techniques in an Erlenmeyer flask filled with water. The results obtained varied from one species to another and followed the following descending order: Gilletiodendron kisantuense(0.90), Milicia excelsa(0.78), Ricinodendron heudelotii(0.63), Rauvolfia vomitoria(0.61),andCanarium schweinfurthii (0.59). These values will contribute to the development of allometric equations necessary for estimating the amount of carbon sequestered in the tissues of the five species studied.

 Density Wood Deforestation Carbon Biomass 1. Introduction

Global warming is a major concern, partly because of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The capacity of undisturbed Amazonian forests to absorb atmospheric carbon has been declining for approximately three decades, owing to increased tree mortality attributed to climate change [1]. African forests play an increasingly recognized global role in climate regulation by sequestering approximately 40 Gt of carbon [2]. With an estimated area of about 200 million ha in January 2020, including 184.7 million ha without visible signs of disturbance [3], they have become a major tropical forest massif for carbon sequestration [4].

Nearly 9% of the area of Central Africa’s humid tropical forests has disappeared since 2000, corresponding to approximately 18 million ha [5]. Dense humid forests require further study to improve knowledge of biomass production and their capacity to produce organic matter [6]. Implementing mitigation strategies and combating climate change require accurate estimates of aboveground biomass and carbon stocks [7]. The objective of our study is to determine the wood density of some plant species from the Luki Biosphere Reserve, such as Canarium schweinfurthii, Milicia excelsa (see Figure 1Figure 1 and Figure 2Figure 2) and others. This parameter is involved in establishing allometric equations necessary for the evaluation of carbon sequestered in wood tissues.

Figure 1.Canarium schweinfurthiiEngl.(Burseraceae) in its natural habitat. Photograph taken in the field in January 2026 in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Photo: J. Luboya Muisangie.

Figure 2.Milicia excelsa (Welw.)C.C. Berg (Moraceae) in its natural habitat. Photograph taken in the field in January 2026 in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Photo: J. Luboya Muisangie.

 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area

The Luki Biosphere Reserve, located in Kongo Central Province (see Figure 3Figure 3), constitutes an important natural laboratory for research. It covers approximately 32,700 to 33,000 hectares and contains 1050 to 1530 plant species distributed among 146 families. It has a humid tropical climate (AW5 according to the Köppen classification), characterized by two seasons: an eight-month rainy season and a four-month dry season.

Four soil types are found in the reserve: red soils, reddish-purple soils, yellow soils, and alluvial soils.

Figure 3. Map of the Luki Biosphere Reserve, Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Data source: LBR shapefiles, Geographic coordinate system, WGS 1984 datum. Produced by Bumbulu KHONDE.

 2.2. Materials

The biological material used in this study consisted of wood fragments from the forest species Canarium schweinfurthii, Gilletiodendron kisantuense, Milicia excelsa, Rauvolfia vomitoria,andRicinodendron heudelotii (see Figure 4Figure 4), collected from the Luki Biosphere Reserve in Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their systematic positions and botanical descriptions are presented below.

Figure 4. Wood samples of five species (Canarium schweinfurthii, Gilletiodendron kisantuense, Milicia excelsa, Rauvolfia vomitoriaandRicinodendron heudelotii) were collected in January 2026 in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, Mayombe, Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in collaboration with a team of environmentalists, agronomists and indigenous peoples.

Taxonomic Classification of the Five Studied Forest Species

Table 1. Taxonomic classification of the five studied forest species according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [8].

Division Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta
Sub Division Angiospermae Angiospermae Angiospermae Angiospermae Angiospermae
Class Dicotyledonae Dicotyledonae Dicotyledonae Dicotyledonae Dicotyledonae
Order Sapindales Fabales Rosales Gentianales Malpighiales
Family Burseraceae Fabaceae Moraceae Apocynaceae Euphorbiaceae
Genus Canarium Gilletiodendron Milicia Rauvolfia Ricinodendron
Species Canarium schweinfurthii Gilletiodendron kisantuense Milicia excelsa Rauvolfia vomitoria Ricinodendron heudelotii

Table 1 presents the taxonomic classification of the five forest species studied in the Luki Biosphere Reserve.

 2.3. Data Collection

Wood fragments from the following plant species were used: Canarium schweinfurthii, Gilletiodendron kisantuense, Milicia excelsa, Rauvolfia vomitoria, and Ricinodendron heudelotii. Samples from these five species were collected in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, located in the Mayombe region of Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, by a team of environmental scientists and agronomists, with the assistance of local indigenous communities. Three samples from each species were used as experimental material for laboratory analysis (see Figure 5Figure 5).

Figure 5. Different wood fragments of the five species under study. Photograph taken in February 2026 by Mrs. Luboya Muisangie Jeannette at the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The wood density of the studied forest species was determined by measuring the mass and volume of each sample. The samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in an oven set at 105˚C. They were weighed regularly using an HRBE303 precision electronic balance until a constant mass was obtained (see Tables 2-6). To determine the volume, each sample was immersed in a water-filled container, and the displaced overflow water was collected in a graduated cylinder to measure the corresponding volume (see Table 7) This procedure was repeated three times for each forest species, and the mass-to-volume ratio was used to calculate wood density (see Table 8).

 3. Results

This section presents the results of the experiments conducted on the fresh mass of wood, changes in wood mass over time, wood volume, and wood density of the studied species.

3.1. Fresh Mass and Changes in the Mass of Wood Fragments over Time

Thissectionpresentstheresultsoftheexperimentsconductedonthefreshmassofwood, changesinwoodmassovertime, woodvolume, andwooddensityofthestudiedspecies.

Table 2. Constant mass of fresh and oven-dried wood fragments of Canarium schweinfurthii.

Canarium schweinfurthii Fresh mass (g) Mass after 24 h (g) Mass after 48 h (g) Mass after 72 h (g) Mass after 96 h (g) Mass after 120 h (g) Mass after 144 h (g)
Wood sample 1 1350 1300.9 1283.7 1265.8 1250.8 1250 1250
Wood sample 2 1300 1270.6 1234.5 1200.3 1200 1200 1200
Wood sample 3 1250 1210.9 1160.7 1120.8 1100.8 1100 1100

The result shows that a constant dry mass of Canarium schweinfurthii wood samples was reached after 96 hours.

Table 3. Constant mass of fresh and oven-dried wood samples of Gilletiodendron kisantuense.

Gilletiodendron kisantuense Fresh mass (g) Mass after 24 h (g) Mass after 48 h (g) Mass after 72 h (g) Mass after 96 h (g) Mass after 120 h (g) Mass after 144 h (g)
Wood sample 1 850 820 808.5 800.6 800 800 800
Wood sample 2 800 792 .5 787.1 780.6 780 780 780
Wood sample 3 780 776 . 4 772 . 8 770 . 2 770 770 770

The results showed that a constant dry mass of Gilletiodendron kisantuense wood samples was reached after 96 hours.

Table 4. Constant mass of fresh and oven-dried wood samples of Milicia excelsa.

Milicia excelsa Fresh mass (g) Mass after 24 h (g) Mass after 48 h (g) Mass after 72 h (g) Mass after 96 h (g) Mass after 120 h (g) Mass after 144 h (g)
Wood sample 1 1400 1357.8 1305.6 1258. 3 1250 1250 1250
Wood sample 2 1300 1250.9 1228.6 1200.7 1200 1200 1200
Wood sample 3 1000 905.8 870.4 855 .2 850 850 850

Table 4 shows that a constant dry mass of Milicia excelsa wood samples was reached after 96 hours.

Table 5. Constant mass of fresh and oven-dried wood samples of Rauvolfia vomitoria.

Rauvolfia vomitoria Fresh mass (g) Mass after 24 h (g) Mass after 48 h (g) Mass after 72 h (g) Mass after 96 h (g) Mass after 120 h (g) Mass after 144 h (g)
Woodsample 1 1430 1400.4 1370.7 1360.2 1350 1350 1350
Wood sample 2 1400 1350.6 1310.8 1300.4 1300 1300 1300
Woodsample 3 1300 1260.3 1240.7 1205.2 1200 1200 1200

The results showed that a constant dry mass of Rauvolfia vomitoria wood samples was reached after 96 hours.

Table 6. Constant mass of fresh and oven-dried wood samples of Ricinodendron heudelotii.

Ricinodendron heudelotii Fresh mass (g) Mass after 24 h (g) Mass after 72 h (g) Mass after 72 h (g) Mass after 96 h (g) Mass after 120 h (g) Mass after 144 h (g)
Wood sample 1 900 850 835.5 800.7 800 800 800
Wood sample 2 850 750 725.6 705.8 700 700 700
Wood sample 3 800 450.9 420.5 400.8 400 400 400

Table 6 presents the changes in the moisture content of Ricinodendron heudelotii wood and shows that a constant dry mass of the wood samples was reached after 96 hours.

 3.2. Wood Volume of the Studied Species

Table 7. Wood volume of the studied species.

Studied Species Volume of wood sample 1 (ml) Volume of wood sample 2 (ml) Volume of wood sample 3 (ml) Total volume (ml) Mean volume (ml)
1. Canarium schweinfurthii 2070 1970 1880 5920 1973
2. Gilletiodendron kisantuense 880 860 850 2590 863
3. Milicia excelsa 1500 1420 1280 4200 1400
4. Rauvolfia vomitoria 2140 2070 2025 6235 2078
5. Ricinodendron heudelotii 1100 1005 750 2855 951

The results presented in Table 7 show that the mean wood volumes of the species considered range from 863 to 2078 ml. The highest mean wood volume was recorded for Rauvolfia vomitoria, followed by Canarium schweinfurthii and Milicia excelsa, them Ricinodendron heudelotii, and finally Gilletiodendron kisantuense.

 3.3. Wood Density of the Studied Species

Table 8. Wood density of the studied species descriptive statistics by species.

Studied Species N Mean Median Minimum Maximum Standard deviation (SD) Coefficient of variation (CV%) Variance
1. Canarium schweinfurthii 3 0.595 0.600 0.585 0.600 0.009 10.19 0.00008
2. Gilletiodendron kisantuense 3 0.907 0.900 0.890 0.930 0.021 2.30 0.00043
3. Milicia excelsa 3 0.780 0.800 0.660 0.880 0.111 14.28 0.01240
4. Rauvolfia vomitoria 3 0.613 0.600 0.590 0.650 0.032 5.24 0.00103
5. Ricinodendron heudelotii 3 0.630 0.690 0.500 0.700 0.113 17.89 0.01270

The results presented in Table 8 show that the wood-density values obtained show that density varies among species. Gilletiodendron kisantuense had the highest mean value (0.907 ± 0.021 g/cm3), followed by Milicia excelsa (0.78 ± 0.111 g/cm3) and Ricinodendron heudelotii (0.63 ± 0.113 g/cm3), while Rauvolfia vomitoria (0.613 ± 0.032 g/cm3) and Canarium schweinfurthii (0.59 ± 0.009 g/cm3) had lower values. The mean wood-density values ranged from 0.59 to 0.90 g/cm3, with Gilletiodendron kisantuense showing the highest mean density.

Table 9. Comparison of wood density values obtained in this study with reference values from the literature.

No Studies species Our wood density (g/cm 3 ) Reference value (g/cm 3 ) Source and year Absolute difference (g/cm 3 ) Difference (%) Density class according to our study
1 Canarium schweinfurthii 0.595 0.41 ± 0.06 GWDD-Zanne et al. (2009) + 0.185 +45.1 Mean density
2 Gilletiodendron kisantuense 0.90 0.86 GWDD-Zanne et al. (2009) + 0.040 +4.7 Heavy wood
3 Milicia excelsa 0.78 0.58 ± 0.06 GWDD-Zanne et al. (2009) +0.200 +34.5 Heavy wood
4 Rauvolfia vomitoria 0.61 0.472 Data reference 2016 +0.138 +29.2 Mean density
5 Ricinodendron heudelotii 0.63 0.25 ITTO-Data reference +0.380 +152.0 Mean density

The results presented in Table 9demonstrate that Gilletiodendron kisantuense (0.90 g/cm3) is very close to the GWDD value of 0.86 g/cm3. The difference is only 0.04 g/cm3, which suggests good agreement between our measurement and the literature. In contrast, our values for Canarium schweinfurthii 0.595 g/cm3 and Milicia excelsa 0.78 g/cm3 are significantly higher than the respective GWDD mean values.

 4. Discussion

Wood density can vary depending on geographical origin, ecological conditions, tree age, the position of the sample within the trunk, moisture content, and the method used to determine volume. Depending on the species, wood density ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm3 [9]. Species with high wood density generally exhibit slower growth because of their higher construction costs, but they tend to have longer lifespans due to the physical and biological resistance associated with high wood density [10]. In the present study, the mean wood densities obtained ranged from 0.567 g/cm3 for Canarium schweinfurthii to 0.907 g/cm3 for Gilletiodendron kisantuense. Milicia excelsa showed a mean wood density of 0.780 g/cm3, whereas Rauvolfia vomitoria and Ricinodendron heudelotii had mean values of 0.613 and 0.630 g/cm3, respectively.

Because of their relatively low wood densities, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Rauvolfia vomitoria, and Canarium schweinfurthii may exhibit relatively rapid growth and, consequently, may contribute to relatively rapid atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake during biomass accumulation. However, low wood density should not be considered the sole determinant of carbon sequestration capacity, as carbon storage also depends on biomass production, tree size, growth rate, longevity, and stand dynamics.

The values obtained in this study therefore constitute reference data that could be incorporated into allometric models for the species studied in the Luki Biosphere Reserve. However, the present study was not designed to directly establish allometric equations. Nevertheless, these results provide a useful scientific basis for future studies aimed at estimating biomass and carbon stocks and supporting the sustainable management of forest resources in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13 and 15.

 5. Conclusion

In this study, we determined the wood density of five forest species: Canarium schweinfurthii, Gilletiodendron kisantuense, Milicia excelsa, Rauvolfia vomitoria, and Ricinodendron heudelotii. The results show a variation in wood density among the species, with the highest mean values observed for Gilletiodendron kisantuense (0.90 g/cm3) and Milicia excelsa (0.78 g/cm3), while Ricinodendron heudelotii (0.63 g/cm3), Rauvolfia vomitoria (0.61 g/cm3), and Canarium schweinfurthii (0.59 g/cm3) had lower values. The values obtained thus constitute reference data that can be used for the development or improvement of future allometric equations adapted to the species of the Luki Biosphere Reserve and, consequently, for a more accurate estimation of stored carbon. However, this study did not allow for the direct establishment of allometric equations, as these require a larger sample size and additional dendrometric and biomass data. Nevertheless, the results obtained constitute a useful scientific basis for future work dedicated to biomass and carbon estimation and to the sustainable management of forest resources in the Luki Biosphere Reserve. Finally, extending the study to a large number of species and a greater number of individuals would help to strengthen knowledge on the variability of wood density and to develop allometric models that are more representative of the ecological conditions of the Luki Biosphere Reserve.

 Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Luki expert team for their support during fieldwork devoted to the identification, description, and sampling of plant species in the Luki Biosphere Reserve.

 Ethical Considerations

This article was prepared in accordance with research ethics principles and in strict compliance with applicable scientific and ethical standards.

 Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.K.T., P.N.M. and C.L.A.; supervision, E.K.T. and C.L.A.; investigation and data curation, M.T.Z.; writing—review and editing, D.L.O. and J.M.F.; software and laboratory analysis, T.B.L., T.M.M., D.M.E.M., B.D.W., F.K.M. and S.S.S.; writing—original draft preparation, D.D.M.B., M.S.W. and J.C.L.I.; visualization and formal analysis, F.O.O., A.L.N. and P.I.L.H.

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