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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oalib</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Open Access Library Journal</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2333-9721</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2333-9705</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/oalib.1116025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">Oalib-154529</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Biomedical</subject>
          <subject>Life Sciences</subject>
          <subject>Business</subject>
          <subject>Economics</subject>
          <subject>Chemistry</subject>
          <subject>Materials Science</subject>
          <subject>Computer Science</subject>
          <subject>Communications</subject>
          <subject>Earth</subject>
          <subject>Environmental Sciences</subject>
          <subject>Engineering</subject>
          <subject>Medicine</subject>
          <subject>Healthcare</subject>
          <subject>Physics</subject>
          <subject>Mathematics</subject>
          <subject>Social Sciences</subject>
          <subject>Humanities</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effects of Emotional Valence on the Processing of Concrete and Abstract L2 Words: An E-Prime Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Wen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> School of Foreign Languages, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn-conflict">
          <p>The author declares no conflicts of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>13</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>7</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 by the authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1116025">https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1116025</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>This study aims to investigate the effects of emotional valence and word concreteness on L2 lexical processing among Chinese English learners. A lexical decision task was employed under a 2 (concreteness: concrete vs. abstract) × 3 (emotional valence: positive vs. neutral vs. negative) within-subjects design. Reaction times and accuracy rates were recorded from 50 Chinese non-English major university students. The results reveal that: 1) emotional words (both positive and negative) are processed more efficiently than neutral words, demonstrating a stable emotion effect; 2) an interaction between emotional valence and concreteness is observed, indicating that the facilitating effect of emotion is more pronounced for concrete words; 3) no “abstractness effect” is found, as concrete words are generally processed more efficiently than abstract words overall. These findings suggest that the influence of emotional valence on L2 lexical processing is modulated by word concreteness. The results provide stronger support for the multimodal embodied cognition view, positing that the synergistic activation of sensorimotor and emotional experiences underpins the processing advantage of concrete emotional words in a second language. This study offers empirical evidence for understanding the embodied nature of L2 lexical representation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Emotional Valence</kwd>
        <kwd>Word Concreteness</kwd>
        <kwd>L2 Lexical Processing</kwd>
        <kwd>Lexical Decision Task</kwd>
        <kwd>Embodied Cognition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>词汇具体性(concreteness)与情绪效价(emotional valence)是影响词汇识别与加工的重要语义变量。依据具体性维度，词汇通常可分为具体词和抽象词。具体词(如“锤子”)通常指向具体、单一且边界明确的指称物(referent)，而抽象词(如“自由”)更多涉及事件、心理状态和情境，较少对应可明确界定或直接操作的对象或实体[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]。具身认知理论(Embodied Cognition Theory)认为，具体词的表征与加工较多依赖物质世界中的感觉运动经验，而抽象词则更多依赖情境事件和内省信息[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。情绪效价是指词语意义从积极到消极的情感维度，据此可将词语区分为积极词、消极词和中性词。已有研究表明，情绪信息能够影响词汇加工，积极词和消极词在部分研究中表现出相对于中性词的加工优势，即所谓“情绪效应”(emotion effect) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]。近年来，二语研究进一步发现，情绪效价与词汇具体性可能共同影响词汇识别与语义加工，并在词汇判断、序列回忆和情绪启动等任务中呈现交互模式[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]。相比之下，从二语视角考察情绪效价与词汇具体性关系的实证研究仍较为有限。</p>
      <p>基于上述研究背景，本研究在具身认知理论框架下采用词汇判断任务，考察情绪效价对中国英语学习者二语具体词和抽象词加工的影响，重点关注情绪效价与具体性之间可能存在的关联，以进一步理解二语词汇表征中情绪经验与感觉运动经验的作用。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 文献综述</title>
      <p>在词汇加工研究中，具体性与情绪效价是两个重要的语义变量。根据具体性维度，词汇可分为具体词与抽象词：前者通常指向明确、可感知的实体，后者则更多涉及心理状态、事件和抽象关系。既往研究广泛报道了“具体性效应”，即具体词在加工速度或准确率上优于抽象词。该效应已在词汇判断、命名和句子阅读等多种任务以及不同语言背景中得到观察[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。双重编码理论对此的经典解释是，具体词能够同时激活言语系统与表象系统，而抽象词更多依赖言语系统，因此具体词具有相对加工优势。</p>
      <p>然而，后续研究对具体性效应的稳定性提出了挑战。Kousta等人[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]在控制词频、表象性和语境可用性等变量后，观察到抽象词的加工优势，即所谓“抽象性效应”，并据此提出抽象词可能与情绪信息建立更紧密的联结。相关神经成像研究也显示，抽象词加工可更显著地涉及与情绪加工相关的脑区[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]。这些发现推动了具身认知理论对抽象概念表征机制的进一步讨论，并强调情绪体验可能在抽象概念加工中发挥重要作用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]。</p>
      <p>情绪效价与具体性之间的关系并非单向。将情绪效价与具体性进行正交操纵的研究发现，情绪效价不仅能够影响抽象词加工，也可能促进具体词加工，且两类变量在部分研究中表现出交互作用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。由此可见，情绪效价对具体词与抽象词的影响可能具有不同的加工特征，仅以“抽象词具有更强情绪性”难以充分解释现有结果。</p>
      <p>在具身认知框架下，关于情绪效价如何影响不同具体性词汇，目前主要存在两种解释路径。第一种观点强调情绪表征的多通道特征，认为情绪词加工涉及感觉运动系统与情绪系统的共同激活[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。由于具体词与感觉运动经验联系更为紧密，其情绪效应可能更为突出。Kanske和Kotz [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]发现，德语具体词中的情绪效应较为明显；Palazova等人[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]则报告，在早期加工阶段(250~300 ms)，情绪效价的影响主要出现在具体词条件中。</p>
      <p>第二种观点认为，抽象概念由于缺乏直接的感觉运动基础，可能更加依赖情绪体验作为表征资源[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。据此，情绪效价在抽象词加工中应发挥更重要的作用。Sheikh和Titone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]通过眼动研究发现，情绪效价对抽象词阅读加工的促进作用更为明显；Yao和Wang [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]在汉语情绪启动任务中也观察到，启动效应主要出现在抽象情绪词中。</p>
      <p>综上，现有研究普遍提示情绪效价与词汇具体性之间存在密切关系，但其作用模式尚未形成一致结论：部分研究支持情绪信息在具体词加工中作用更强，另一些研究则发现情绪信息对抽象词加工更为重要。研究结果的差异可能与实验任务、刺激材料、测量指标及参与者特征等因素有关。与此同时，现有证据主要来自母语研究，对二语词汇加工的关注相对有限。以中国英语学习者为对象，考察情绪效价与具体性关系的研究仍有进一步拓展空间。</p>
      <p>因此，本研究采用词汇判断任务，考察中国英语学习者二语词汇加工中的情绪效价与具体性效应，并分析两者可能存在的联系，以检验不同具身认知观点在二语语境中的适用性。</p>
      <p>本研究关注的核心问题是：在中国英语学习者的二语词汇加工中，情绪效价的作用是否会随词汇具体性而变化？基于上述两种理论观点，本研究形成竞争性预期：若多通道具身观点更适用于二语词汇加工，则具体词由于能够同时获得感觉运动信息与情绪信息的支持，其效价效应应相对更强；若情绪体验是抽象概念表征的重要基础，则抽象词中的效价效应可能更为突出。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 研究方法</title>
      <sec id="sec3dot1">
        <title>3.1. 研究对象</title>
        <p>本研究共招募50名非英语专业本科生参与实验。所有参与者的母语均为汉语，英语为第二语言，平均英语学习年限约为10年。参与者均为右利手，视力或矫正视力正常，并在实验开始前知情同意。本研究未另行收集雅思、托福或其他标准化英语水平测试成绩，因此“英语学习年限”仅能作为学习经历的背景信息，不能替代对二语熟练度的直接测量。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot2">
        <title>3.2. 实验材料</title>
        <p>实验材料由60个英语真词和60个假词组成。真词选自标准化词库，并对词长与词频进行匹配，以尽可能控制无关变量。依据具体性与情绪效价两个维度，真词被划分为6类，每类10个词：具体积极词(如gift, smile)、具体中性词(如table、cable)、具体消极词(如poison、spider)、抽象积极词(如honor、peace)、抽象中性词(如method、system)和抽象消极词(如guilt、despair)。假词通过替换真词中的1~2个字母构成，在符合英语正字法规则且可发音的同时不具有实际词义(如将smile改为smole)，并在长度上与真词保持匹配。实验共包含120个试次，刺激以完全随机顺序呈现。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot3">
        <title>3.3. 实验程序</title>
        <p>实验程序采用E-Prime编写并运行，实验任务为词汇判断。参与者需要判断屏幕上呈现的字母串是否为英语真词。</p>
        <p>每个试次首先在屏幕中央呈现注视点“+”500 ms，随后呈现空屏200 ms，再呈现目标词。参与者需在保证准确性的前提下尽快作答：真词按J键，假词按F键。目标词最长呈现2000 ms，超时后自动进入下一试次。</p>
        <p>正式实验前设置2个练习试次，以帮助参与者熟悉任务流程；练习材料不出现在正式实验中。正式实验共120个试次，完成时间约为10~15分钟。实验过程中允许参与者在适当时机短暂休息，全部实验均在安静环境中完成。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 结果与讨论</title>
      <p>本研究记录了不同情绪效价和具体性条件下的反应时与正确率。鉴于当前样本量较小，且现有分析主要基于描述性统计，本节首先报告各条件的均值与标准差，并据此讨论可能的加工趋势。未进行主效应、交互效应的显著性检验，也未报告效应量，因此本节仅对均值与标准差所呈现的模式进行探索性描述，不将条件间差异解释为经统计检验确认的“加工优势”或“交互作用”。相关结果见表1。</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>1.</bold> 词汇判断任务中反应时与正确率的描述性统计</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>具体性</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>情绪效价</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>正确率</bold>
                <bold>(</bold>
                <bold>均值</bold>
                <bold>±</bold>
                <bold>标准差</bold>
                <bold>)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>具体</td>
              <td>积极</td>
              <td>0.89 ± 0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>具体</td>
              <td>中性</td>
              <td>0.87 ± 0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>具体</td>
              <td>消极</td>
              <td>0.85 ± 0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>抽象</td>
              <td>积极</td>
              <td>0.88 ± 0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>抽象</td>
              <td>中性</td>
              <td>0.86 ± 0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>抽象</td>
              <td>消极</td>
              <td>0.83 ± 0.38</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>表格数据表明，反应时数据呈现出较为一致的效价梯度。在具体词条件下，积极词的平均反应时最短(634.2 ms)，中性词次之(648.7 ms)，消极词最长(672.5 ms)；抽象词条件下亦呈现相同顺序，分别为658.3 ms、671.8 ms和694.1 ms。由此可见，本研究中积极效价表现出相对明显的加工优势，而消极词并未表现出相对于中性词的反应时优势。该结果与Kousta等人[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]所报告的一般性情绪词加工优势并不完全一致，提示二语学习者对不同效价词汇的加工模式可能具有一定特殊性。考虑到样本量较小，这一差异仍需在更大样本中进一步验证。</p>
      <p>正确率结果与反应时模式基本一致。积极词的正确率最高(具体积极词：0.89；抽象积极词：0.88)，中性词次之，消极词最低(具体消极词：0.85；抽象消极词：0.83)。因此，当前描述性结果更直接地支持积极效价的加工优势，而非积极词与消极词均优于中性词的一般性“情绪词优势”。消极词较低的加工效率可能与负性刺激所引发的额外认知评价有关，但仅凭本研究的行为数据尚无法确定其具体机制。</p>
      <p>关于情绪效价与具体性之间可能的交互关系，描述性数据提供的证据较为有限。具体词条件下，积极词与中性词的反应时差为14.5 ms，略高于抽象词条件下的13.5 ms；但在正确率上，积极词与消极词之间的差值在具体词条件下为0.04，在抽象词条件下为0.05，两项指标的变化方向并不完全一致。因此，现阶段更适合将具体性对效价效应的影响视为潜在趋势，而不宜仅依据描述性差异确认交互作用。若后续推断统计能够证实具体词中的效价效应更强，则可从多通道具身观点进行解释，即具体词可能同时调动感觉运动信息与情绪信息，从而形成更丰富的表征支持。</p>
      <p>在具体性方面，本研究未观察到抽象词整体优于具体词的“抽象性效应”。相反，在三个效价水平下，具体词的平均反应时均短于相应的抽象词。这一描述性模式与Kousta等人[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]基于母语者提出的抽象词加工优势并不一致。对于二语学习者而言，具体词所具有的感觉运动信息可能提供更稳定的语义线索，而抽象词对情绪经验和情境信息的依赖可能更高。因此，本研究结果在一定程度上与多通道具身观点相容，但尚不足以排除其他解释。</p>
      <p>一种可能的解释来自二语词汇表征本身的特点。相较于母语者，二语学习者的抽象概念表征及其与情绪经验之间的联结可能相对较弱。在这种情况下，抽象词所依赖的情绪和情境信息或不足以完全弥补感觉运动信息的缺失，从而使其加工效率低于具体词。该解释仍属于理论推测，有待通过更大样本以及神经认知指标进一步检验，也提示基于母语研究形成的加工模型在二语语境中的适用性需要谨慎评估。</p>
      <p>总体而言，本研究的描述性结果主要呈现出三点特征：第一，积极词在反应时和正确率上均表现出相对加工优势；第二，具体词在各效价水平下的反应时均短于抽象词，体现出一定的具体性优势；第三，关于情绪效价与具体性的交互作用，现有两项行为指标尚未呈现完全一致的方向，因此仍需通过推断统计加以确认。上述结果为二语词汇表征中情绪信息与感觉运动信息的共同作用提供了初步线索。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec5">
      <title>5. 结论与展望</title>
      <p>本研究通过词汇判断任务考察了情绪效价与词汇具体性对中国英语学习者二语词汇加工的影响。描述性结果显示，积极词在反应时和正确率上表现出相对优势，且具体词在不同效价条件下整体呈现更快的加工速度。关于情绪效价与具体性的交互关系，当前数据仅提供了初步线索，尚不足以作出确定性结论。总体而言，本研究为理解二语词汇表征中情绪经验与感觉运动经验的可能作用提供了探索性证据。</p>
      <p>本研究仍存在若干局限。首先，当前结果主要基于描述性统计，尚缺乏主效应、交互效应的显著性检验以及效应量报告，因此无法对条件差异作出统计推断。其次，实验共包含60个真词，六个实验条件各仅10个目标词。较小的项目量可能使结果更容易受到个别词项特征影响，并限制统计功效及结果向更广泛词汇材料的推广。第三，参与者信息仅包括非英语专业背景和平均约10年的英语学习经历，未收集雅思、托福或其他标准化二语熟练度指标，也未对二语习得年龄和主要习得语境进行系统测量。鉴于二语熟练度、习得年龄及学习语境均可能影响情绪词汇加工，上述未控制变量可能增加样本内部异质性，并限制研究结果的可重复性与解释范围。最后，行为指标能够反映总体加工表现，但难以揭示情绪效价与具体性作用的时间进程及其神经基础。因而，现有结果应被视为探索性发现，并在后续研究中进一步检验。</p>
      <p>未来研究可从以下方面加以拓展。第一，扩大样本量，并纳入不同二语水平的参与者，在更充分的数据基础上检验情绪效价、具体性及其交互作用。第二，加入标准化二语熟练度指标，并系统记录二语习得年龄、主要学习语境以及二语使用频率，以检验这些变量是否调节情绪词汇加工。第三，在完整报告显著性检验的同时报告效应量和置信区间，从而更准确地评估情绪效价、具体性及其交互关系。第四，可结合事件相关电位(ERP)、功能磁共振成像(fMRI)等认知神经科学技术，从时间和空间维度考察相关加工机制。通过上述拓展，可进一步深化对二语词汇表征机制的认识。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec6">
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The author would like to express sincere gratitude to all the students who participated in the experiment. Special thanks are also extended to the teacher and senior fellow student for their valuable suggestions and assistance in refining the experimental design and improving the experimental procedure.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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</article>