Adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head is a malignant digestive tumor characterized by late diagnosis and a dismal prognosis [2]. Globally, the only curative treatment relies on surgical oncological resection, primarily performed via pancreaticoduodenectomy [3][4]. Clinically, cholestatic jaundice represents the iconic initial symptom of this pathology; however, it shares this clinical presentation with numerous benign pathologies of the periampullary region, primary among which is distal common bile duct lithiasis.

The differential diagnosis between these two entities constitutes a daily challenge for medical and surgical teams. Although abdominal ultrasound and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans are indispensable first-line examinations, they face technical limitations in detecting small pancreatic masses or in the presence of concomitant gallbladder stones, thereby creating a substantial diagnostic bias [5]. In high-income countries, this diagnostic uncertainty is systematically resolved by resorting to magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) [6].

In sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly in resource-limited contexts like ours, access to these second-line imaging technologies remains severely restricted. This shortage within the technical platform exposes clinicians to preoperative triage errors, frequently transforming a procedure initially scheduled for a benign biliary pathology into an unplanned major oncological resection. Moreover, the worrisome emergence of these malignant tumors in increasingly younger African patients challenges the traditional epidemiological paradigm and further complicates the initial clinical orientation.

The objective of this study was to report two original clinical observations of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the Bouaké Teaching Hospital for tumors of the pancreatic head that initially mimicked distal common bile duct lithiasis. Through these cases, we discuss the diagnostic difficulties, intraoperative therapeutic dilemmas, and surgical specificities in constrained environments.

The differential diagnosis between adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head and distal common bile duct lithiasis represents a classic but highly misleading clinical and imaging trap. In our series, the initial clinical presentation combined with the ultrasound and CT findings of cholelithiasis induced an anchoring bias in favor of a purely benign origin.

The presence of stones at the biliopancreatic junction can create acoustic shadows or inflammatory changes that mask the development of a small adjacent tumor on ultrasound, a modality whose sensitivity for pancreatic head lesions smaller than 2 cm does not exceed 50% to 60% [7].

The main diagnostic obstacle stems from the limited availability of second-line examinations. When standard imaging leaves doubt regarding common bile duct obstruction, international guidelines advocate the systematic use of MRCP or EUS [8]. However, in our practice environment at the Bouaké Teaching Hospital, access to MRI remains hindered by both financial and logistical constraints. The absence of EUS equipment and the prohibitive cost or local unavailability of MRI often force the surgical team to make definitive management decisions based on a cluster of clinical-biological arguments and sometimes suboptimal CT imaging.

This delay or error in preoperative triage exposes the patient to unexpected intraoperative modifications of the therapeutic strategy. To mitigate this risk, a strict preoperative consent process covering unexpected tumor resections is essential.

Regarding postoperative outcomes, Case 2 developed a biochemical leak as defined by the ISGPS. Biochemical leak (formerly Grade A postoperative pancreatic fistula) is widely recognized in the literature as the true “Achilles’ heel” of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Its global incidence varies from 15% to more than 30% depending on surgical series and ISGPS criteria [1]. The main documented risk factors include a soft pancreatic parenchyma texture (frequently encountered in the absence of major underlying obstructive chronic pancreatitis) and a small diameter of the main pancreatic duct (Wirsung) (<3 mm) [9]. Fortunately, biochemical leaks do not require major changes in clinical management apart from the temporary maintenance of drains.

The exceptionally young age of our patients (42 and 35 years) was a striking feature of these two observations. In Western countries, pancreatic adenocarcinoma occurs mainly during the seventh decade of life [10][11]. However, our findings align with emerging African data highlighting the rising incidence of aggressive pancreatic tumors in young adults under 45 years of age [12].

The differential diagnosis between adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head and distal common bile duct lithiasis remains a major medico-surgical challenge. In resource-limited environments, the frequent coexistence of cholelithiasis can induce a radiological confirmation bias and mask an early-stage underlying pancreatic neoplasia.

Our two observations reiterate the paramount importance of second-line imaging, foremost among which are MRCP or endoscopic ultrasound [8]. Although the discovery of these tumors was unexpected and intraoperative, performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy offered a crucial chance for curative treatment to these particularly young patients. While two successful resections provide limited evidence to claim broad epidemiological feasibility, these cases demonstrate that advanced pancreatic surgery can be successfully performed with positive short-term outcomes in carefully selected patients within constrained surgical environments.

In accordance with the local institutional policy of the Bouaké Teaching Hospital, formal institutional review board approval was waived for this retrospective report of two cases, as it did not involve experimental protocols or deviations from standard clinical care.

This case report was prepared and drafted in strict accordance with the CARE (CAse REport) guidelines.

Written informed consent was obtained individually from each patient for the publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

Study concept: Anzoua Kouakou Ibrahim, Assohoun Krahibouet Toussaint; Data collection: Ekra Serge Amos, Kouakou Rosemonde; Supervision and revision of the work: all authors. All authors have read and approved the published version of the manuscript.