Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a major public health problem worldwide due to its high frequency and severity. It ranks among the most commonly diagnosed cancers and remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in many countries [1][2]. According to the World Health Organization, CRC ranks third among the most frequent cancers and second among the causes of cancer mortality, with more than 1.9 million new cases and approximately 930,000 deaths estimated in 2020 [3].

Several risk factors have been identified in the development of this disease. Dietary habits play a predominant role, particularly a diet rich in animal fats, red and processed meats, and low in fiber, which may account for 30% to 50% of cases. In addition to these nutritional factors, genetic, behavioral, and environmental determinants are also involved [4][5].

In low-resource countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, the incidence of CRC appears to be increasing, probably in connection with the epidemiological transition, urbanization, and changes in lifestyle. In Niger, an increase in digestive cancers, particularly colorectal cancers, has been reported in recent years. Hospital data from the National Hospital of Niamey indicate that CRC represents a growing proportion of diagnosed cancers, often with late presentations and an unfavorable prognosis [6]. At the national level, estimates from the GLOBOCAN program have reported several hundred annual deaths related to colorectal cancer, highlighting its significant impact on mortality [7].

Cancer survival is an essential indicator for assessing the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Cancer registries, which allow systematic follow-up of cases within a defined population, represent a reference tool for estimating survival and analyzing prognostic factors of digestive cancers [8]. However, in Niger, the absence of a structured national system for monitoring cancer patients limits the availability of reliable long-term survival data. Many deaths occur at home or in non-interconnected health facilities, making it difficult to accurately assess patient outcomes.

In this context, the present study aims to estimate the five-year survival of patients with colorectal cancer and to identify factors associated with prognosis at the National center for cancer control of Niamey, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of this disease and to guide oncological management strategies in Niger.

Epidemiological profile (frequency, age, and sex)

In our series, colorectal cancer accounted for 54.48% of digestive cancers managed in Niger between 2018 and 2023 (222 cases), confirming its dominant position among digestive tumors. A previous study conducted in Niger by Idrissa et al. (2017-2021) on 106 cases found a proportion of 32% [6], a lower figure than ours, probably related to the smaller sample size and the different study period. Regionally, Ouédraogo et al. in Burkina Faso observed that 39.2% [9] of patients with CRC were between 20 and 45 years old, while in Benin, Gnangnon et al. reported a hospital frequency of only 1.4% [10]. Although these studies are based on heterogeneous indicators and are therefore not directly comparable, they all illustrate the growing burden of colorectal cancer in West African hospital settings, highlighting the need to strengthen screening and management programs.

The mean age at diagnosis in our cohort was 48.6 years, indicating an earlier occurrence than that described in Western countries. This early onset could be explained by the demographic structure of Niger, where more than 70% of the population is under 25 years old [11]. These observations are consistent with those reported in sub-Saharan Africa by Irabor in Nigeria, Souleymane O. in Burkina Faso, Bagnaka in Cameroon, and B. A. Odo in Côte d’Ivoire, who highlight a notable frequency of CRC among young African adults of black phenotype [9][12]-[14].

The male predominance in our series (sex ratio = 1.64) is consistent with the international and African literature. Similar ratios were observed in Morocco by Imad et al. (1.12), in Algeria by Benbekhti et al. (1.42), and in Mali by Dembélé et al. (1.5) [15]-[17]. This male overrepresentation may reflect behavioral, environmental, or hormonal factors, as well as lower utilization of healthcare services by women in certain sociocultural contexts.

Histological type: In our study, Lieberkuhnian adenocarcinoma represented the predominant histological type of colorectal cancer, in agreement with data from the World Health Organization indicating that more than 95% of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas [1]. This predominance is consistently observed in most regions of the world, regardless of the level of development of healthcare systems.

In Africa, although data remain limited, reported findings are similar. In Côte d’Ivoire, Odo et al. also identified Lieberkuhnian adenocarcinoma as the main histological subtype [14]. Likewise, in Morocco, a retrospective study conducted by Imad et al. reported its presence in 82% of cases [15].

Survival of patients with colorectal cancer: The results of this study highlight an extremely low survival rate among patients with CRC in Niger, with a five-year survival approaching zero. This situation mainly reflects late diagnosis and often incomplete or insufficient management.

The extremely low five-year survival observed in this study should be interpreted with caution, as many patients were enrolled late in the study period (up to 2023), and therefore had not yet completed a full five-year follow-up. In addition, appropriate censoring of patients lost to follow-up may influence survival estimates compared to studies in which such patients are incorrectly classified as deceased.

Similar results have been reported in several sub-Saharan African countries. In Senegal, Konaté et al. observed a five-year survival of less than 5% at the Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, in a context marked by advanced stages at diagnosis and incomplete treatment [18]. In Côte d’Ivoire, Odo et al. reported a median overall survival ranging between 15 and 19 months depending on age groups, mainly attributed to diagnostic delays and financial barriers [14].

A systematic review conducted by Hassen et al. in 2022, including 23 studies from sub-Saharan Africa, estimated the average five-year survival of CRC at 28%, with higher rates in middle-income countries (31%) than in low-income countries (20%) [21]. These data illustrate the major impact of socioeconomic development levels and healthcare system capacity on CRC prognosis.

In contrast, Maghreb countries report significantly higher survival rates. In Morocco (Imad et al., 2024) reported a three-year overall survival of 60% [19]; in Algeria according to Benbekhti et al., five-year overall survival is estimated at around 65% [16]; while in Tunisia, a recent study conducted in Monastir (Zemni et al.) in 2024 reported a survival rate of 55.1% [20]. These performances are attributed to better access to specialized care, availability of combined treatments, and a more structured care pathway organization.

In Western countries, five-year survival of CRC ranges between 60% and 65%, according to the National Cancer Institute [24]. Data from the SEER program in the United States show a five-year survival of 64.4% for localized stages, compared with less than 15% for advanced stages [23]. In France, the National Cancer Institute reports a standardized net five-year survival of 63% (62% in men and 65% in women), linked to an organized screening strategy and rapid access to care [25].

In Asia, survival rates vary by country. In Korea (Hyuk Huret al., 2018) and in Japan (Nishizaki et al.,2021), five-year survival exceeds 65%, thanks to well-established mass screening programs [26][27]. In China (Wang et al.), five-year survival is estimated between 56% and 62%, with strong variations according to tumor stage (up to 85% at stage I versus approximately 30% at stage IV) [28]. In Southeast Asia (Danpanichkul et al.) and in some middle-income countries such as Malaysia (Muhamad et al.) and India (Chivshankhar et al.), survival remains lower, often below 40%, due to insufficient screening and inequalities in access to care [29]-[31].

Therapeutic adherence and access to care: In our study, therapeutic adherence proved to be a major prognostic factor for survival (HR = 1.59; IC95 % [1.107 - 2.297]; p = 0.012). Patients with good adherence had significantly better survival than those who interrupted or abandoned treatment, confirming its decisive role in CRC prognosis. These results are consistent with data from the literature. A large study conducted in sub-Saharan Africa by Hämmerl et al. (2023), including more than 600 patients from 11 cancer registries, showed that only 3.1% of patients with stage I to III CRC received treatment in accordance with NCCN recommendations, while nearly 35% received no treatment at all. In this study, absence of treatment was associated with a significantly higher risk of death (HR = 3.49; 95% CI: 2.30 - 5.29) [22].

The low rate of optimal management is explained by several interrelated factors: lack of awareness, absence of screening programs, disease stigma (particularly related to colostomy), recourse to traditional therapies, fear of side effects, insufficient availability of specialized care, and high treatment costs [22].

Furthermore, limited access to modern diagnostic tools constitutes a major obstacle. In the study by Hämmerl et al., only 17% of patients had undergone a CT scan or MRI, exposing them to a significant risk of understaging [22]. Finally, the insufficiency of radiotherapy infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa is well documented: Beltrán et al. estimated the average availability at 0.115 radiotherapy machines per million inhabitants, far below actual needs [32].

Study Limitations: This study has several limitations. Its retrospective, hospital-based design introduces selection bias and limits the generalizability of the findings to the broader Nigerien population. In addition, the absence of a structured follow-up system resulted in loss to follow-up, which may have affected the accuracy of long-term survival estimates, particularly at five years.

Treatment adherence was assessed using medical records; however, the lack of precise information on voluntary treatment discontinuation made it difficult to clearly distinguish between non-adherence and loss to follow-up, potentially leading to misclassification.

Another limitation concerns tumor staging and histological grading. The unavailability of certain advanced diagnostic tests and possible tumor understaging limited their comprehensive evaluation. Moreover, TNM classification and histological grade were frequently missing or inconsistently reported (77.9% and 90.1%, respectively), reflecting a lack of standardization in pathology reports.

In addition, multiple classification systems (AJCC 7th and 8th editions, WHO, and Duke staging) were used interchangeably, sometimes within the same record, preventing the inclusion of TNM stage and grade in survival analyses. As a result, the analysis was restricted to consistently available variables such as tumor location, metastasis status, treatment modalities, and adherence.

These findings highlight the urgent need for standardized pathology reporting and the systematic adoption of a unified staging system (e.g., AJCC 8th edition) in Niger to improve data quality and enable robust international comparisons.

Colorectal cancer in Niger remains associated with very poor survival in this hospital-based study, with a five-year survival rate close to zero. This unfavorable prognosis is mainly explained by late diagnosis, limited access to specialized cancer care, and poor treatment adherence.

In this hospital-based study, age, surgical management, radiotherapy, and especially good treatment adherence were identified as factors associated with improved survival. However, the assessment of tumor stage and histological grade was significantly limited by the lack of standardization in pathology reports, the heterogeneity of TNM and grading systems, and the unavailability of certain diagnostic investigations at the national level.

These findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen early detection strategies, improve access to multimodal cancer treatments, and reinforce patient adherence to therapy. In addition, the establishment of a reliable national cancer registry and the systematic standardization of clinical and pathological data are essential to improve data quality, guide public health policies, and allow meaningful international comparisons.

Overall, improving colorectal cancer outcomes in Niger requires an integrated national cancer control strategy focused on early diagnosis, equitable access to care, and better organization of oncology data systems.