SCADA systems are sophisticated technological solutions that enable remote monitoring, control, and management of equipment. By combining various technologies such as sensors, these systems collect real-time data on equipment operation, enabling rapid intervention in the event of failure or malfunction. This continuous monitoring is particularly valuable for GSM stations located in hard-to-reach areas, where manual intervention is often complicated and costly. A SCADA system can control processes remotely, monitor, collect and process data in real time and interact directly with devices (sensors etc.) using human-machine interface (HMI) software. The system also logs events on servers. In addition, a SCADA system can trigger alarms in the event of dangerous situations in facilities. These systems are used to distribute data to enable informed decisions and communicate system issues to reduce downtime.

Isolated telecommunications sites frequently experience power outages that can severely impact the quality of service provided. These outages can stem from a multitude of factors, often related to the remote nature of these sites and the specific constraints of their power supply. Outages are frequently multifactorial and can be difficult to predict. A comprehensive approach involving regular equipment monitoring and the use of monitoring and control systems is essential to minimize the risk of service interruptions. Power outages remain a persistent threat, often caused by equipment failures, poor management of the transition between different power sources, or adverse weather conditions. The causes of power outages can be numerous, and restoration can take a considerable amount of time. The main causes can include:

Damaged inverter (DC/AC) or rectifier (AC/DC). Rapid battery discharge, insufficient runtime.Surge protector (overvoltage)Faulty room air conditioning, resulting in overheated IT equipment and an increase in temperature beyond the acceptable limit for equipment in the room.Tripping of the circuit breaker due to a ground fault in the lighting.Tripping of thermal-magnetic circuit breakers due to overload or short circuit.Low fuel level in the generator tank.Mechanical failure of the generator. It is not always possible to prevent these problems, but by being able to intervene quickly, it is possible to restore proper operation and eliminate or mitigate some of the causes. The data monitoring and control system solution for energy equipment continuously measures and records room temperature and humidity, as well as key electrical parameters (voltage, current), and the fuel level in the generator tank. This system also monitors battery status, charge level, and input and output voltages.

The methodology consists of modeling the system, implementing a prototype, coding with the C++ language and testing the system in a production environment.

Figure 1. Methodology used.

Figure 1shows the steps of our working methodology which respect the following points:

Implementation of the system architecture.System coding with C++ language.Implementation of a prototype.Functional test.

Functional analysis of the system allows us to understand and describe the essential functions that the system must perform to meet the monitoring, control, and management needs of equipment such as isolated GSM sites. To carry out this analysis, we used the octopus diagram, a graphical tool used in engineering to represent the main functions and constraints of a complex system, highlighting the interactions between the different functions and requirements. In the context of designing and implementing a SCADA system for isolated GSM sites, the octopus diagram helps clarify the system’s main functions, as well as the associated constraints. Below is a description of the main functions and constraints for such a system. Table 1 below show the main function of the system.

Table 1. Main functions and constraint functions of the system.

To define all the system’s constructive functions, based on the service functions it must perform, we developed a FAST (Functional Analysis System Technique) diagram. Furthermore, this FAST diagram will clarify the technical choices for the energy equipment monitoring and control system by establishing the technical functions.

Table 2. Service functions (FS) and Technical functions (FT).

The system architecture consists of connecting the various sensors to the Arduino system. The one used is the Arduino Uno wich is a microcontroller board featuring an ATmega2560 processor, 14 digital I/O pins (6 PWM), 6 inputs, a 16 MHz crystal, and USB/power connections. It supports UART, I2C, and SPI communication protocols. Key connections include a USB Type-B port for programming and communicating with sensors. These sensors will transmit the status of the lighting, the temperature functionality, and the fuel level used as an energy source on GSM sites. The signal will be retransmitted to a server which will be used by a computer or a smart phone connected to it as shown in the diagram below. Sensors are real mechanical devices that convert one kind of electricity into another. Sensors turn an actual thing into an electrical current to carry out the specified activity. In outdoor lighting, the system’s sensors, for instance, can measure the brightness of the light by converting it into an electrical signal [1]. Sensor technology is arguably one of the most significant inventions in the past couple of decades. With the ever-evolving engineering behind the sensor, its role in the power system landscape is dynamic and vital in nature. In recent years, the transmission and distribution systems have relied heavily on sensor technology. Knowledge about the fluctuating nature of the system parameters such as the range of currents, operating voltages, working temperatures, dynamic electric, and magnetic fields to even the moisture content, and the acoustics emanating from various transmission and distribution line equipment are essential for efficient monitoring and control purposes [2].

Figure 2. System architecture.

Figure 2 shows the system architecture. It explains the different level of security that will be check.

The language used is C++, which is used on the Arduino IDE. C++ is one of the best language for programming on Arduino [3]. The code allows you to check a specific temperature and send alerts if the lighting is faulty or the air conditioning system does not meet the standards. The following code defines a threshold of 30.0˚C and a brightness of 350˚C. Depending on the temperature and lighting in the site, an alert is transmitted through FH. Arduino technology embraces hardware and software to support the designing and production of creative solutions [4].

Figure 3. Code for temperature and fixed lighting at 30 and 350.

Figure 3 shows in detail the different configuration steps that are uploaded to Arduino while respecting certain operating rules.

Figure 4. Fixed temperature and brightness code at 10 and 350.

Figure 4 code defines a temperature threshold of 10 and a brightness threshold of 350.

The hardware that Arduino uses is known as the Arduino development board while the software for the code development is the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Built up with an 8-bit or 32-bit Atmel microcontroller, Arduino can be easily programmed by using variants of the C or C++ language in the Arduino IDE [5].

After the various phases of coding and uploading the code to the Arduino circuit, we obtain a prototype ready for testing. Prototypes are a fundamental part of any development. There are many ways to perform a test for a trial. Some trials have several tests in their procedures. Without Tests & Trails, a new idea does not advance in its technological maturity (TRL—Technology Readiness Level) and thus lengthens path of becoming a product [6]. The figure above shows the prototype of the system, which is now ready.

Figure 5. Prototype of the functional system.

Figure 5 shows the physical system as functional and ready for testing. It comprises all the components involved in the system’s operation. Note that the LED is illuminated as specified in the code and that the device is functional. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) combined with low-energy, renewable sources minimize local environmental impact by smoothing, storing, and discharging energy during peak demand. These integrated, systems reduce reliance on the grid, enhance energy resilience, and improve efficiency.

After following all the steps to implement the system, the results based on the random values we used as conditions in our code accurately confirm the optimal functioning of the system based on the rules and formulas we considered.

The development of technology has profoundly transformed our way of life, opening up new possibilities in various fields, including surveillance and control [11]. In this research, we established the importance of managing and securing remote sites, which are crucial for telecommunications companies in Burkina Faso. We designed the system, then implemented a prototype, using an object-oriented programming language. The results are convincing and can be used in a production system to secure GSM sites, providing adequate security control and supervision of critical aspects essential to their proper operation. The results demonstrate that alerts are sent to enable administrators to make appropriate decisions. These alerts can be sent to the central system, mobile phones, or servers through FH. With arduino you can build real, working projects like LED blinkers, motion detectors, temperature sensors, and even interactive devices with displays and buzzers—all while mastering the core programming concepts that power them.