Testicular cancer, although accounting for only 0.5% to 2% of all male malignancies, is the most common solid tumor in young men aged 15 to 35 years [1]. More than 90% of these cancers are testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), classified into two main groups: seminomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) [2]. TGCTs represent one of the greatest successes of modern oncology, with cure rates exceeding 95% for localized disease and remaining high even in metastatic stages, thanks to the development of effective platinum-based chemotherapy regimens [3].

This curability strongly depends on accurate risk stratification, which integrates histological subtype, tumor marker levels (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, lactate dehydrogenase), and disease stage according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification and the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) prognostic classification for metastatic disease [4]. Standard management relies on radical inguinal orchiectomy for diagnosis and local control, followed by active surveillance, adjuvant chemotherapy, or primary chemotherapy depending on stage and risk category [5].

While epidemiological and survival data from Western countries are well established, publications from North Africa, and particularly from Morocco, remain scarce. This study aimed to describe the clinicopathological profile, therapeutic strategies, and survival outcomes of a cohort of patients with TGCTs treated at the Medical Oncology Department of Hassan II University Hospital of Fez, Morocco.

The cohort included 34 adult patients with testicular germ cell tumors managed between May 2017 and December 2022. The mean age at diagnosis was 34.5 ± 11.2 years, with a range from 16 to 66 years. The most represented age group was 31 - 40 years (35.3%). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients (n = 34).

Patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors were significantly younger than those with pure seminomas (30.2 years versus 38.9 years; p < 0.05). A personal history of cryptorchidism was reported in 11.8% of patients, while a family history of testicular cancer was found in 2.9% of cases. The most frequent clinical presentation was painless enlargement of the testicle, observed in 76.5% of patients.

From a histological standpoint, pure seminomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors each accounted for 50% of cases. According to the AJCC 8th edition classification, 35.3% of patients were diagnosed at stage I, 26.5% at stage II, and 38.2% at stage III. The distribution of stages according to histological subtype is detailed in Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of patients according to AJCC stage and histological subtype.

Serum tumor markers were elevated in 70.6% of patients. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was the most frequently elevated marker (58.8%), followed by β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) in 35.3% of cases and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in 29.4%.

All patients underwent radical inguinal orchiectomy. Systemic chemotherapy was administered to 82.4% of patients, mainly using the BEP regimen, which was prescribed in 58.8% of cases. Carboplatin monotherapy was administered in 23.5% of patients, and salvage chemotherapy with the TIP regimen was used in 11.8%. No patient received primary radiotherapy. The different therapeutic modalities are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Therapeutic modalities administered.

Treatment-related toxicity was generally moderate. Gastrointestinal toxicity related to cisplatin was observed in 20.6% of patients, while one case of hemorrhagic cystitis associated with ifosfamide was reported, with a favorable outcome. No severe pulmonary toxicity related to bleomycin was observed (Table 4).

Table 4. Treatment-related toxicity.

Among patients with metastatic disease (stages II and III), the IGCCCG prognostic classification identified 50% of patients in the good prognosis group and 50% in the intermediate prognosis group. No patients were classified in the poor prognosis group.

After a median follow-up of 48 months, survival outcomes were favorable. For the entire cohort, the 4-year overall survival rate was 90%, while the 4-year progression-free survival rate reached 85%. Survival outcomes according to histological subtype are summarized in Table 5 and Figure 1(a) & Figure 1(b).

Table 5. Four-year survival analysis in patients with testicular germ cell tumors.

Figure 1. (a) Overall survival (OS) curve of the entire cohort according to histological subtype after a median follow-up of 48 months; (b) Progression-free survival (PFS) curves of the entire cohort according to histological subtype after a median follow-up of 48 months (n = 34).

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the leading cause of solid cancer in young men, although they account for only 1% - 1.5% of all male cancers [6][7]. Our retrospective study of 34 patients managed at the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez confirms the main epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics described in the literature.

The average age of our patients was 34.5 years, which aligns with international data placing the peak incidence of TGCTs between 15 and 35 years [8]. As widely reported, seminomas occur at an older age than non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) [9][10]. This age difference according to histological type reflects distinct biological mechanisms and is a consistent finding in large series.

A history of cryptorchidism was the main risk factor identified in our cohort (12.5% of cases), a rate comparable to that reported in the literature [11][12]. Cryptorchidism is recognized as the most significant risk factor for testicular cancer, with a relative risk multiplied by 5 to 10, particularly when surgical correction is delayed [13][14]. The finding of a family history, noted in one patient, remains rare but significant, as several studies have demonstrated an increased risk among first-degree relatives [15].

Clinically, scrotal swelling with or without testicular pain was the main presenting symptom, which is consistent with the series by Bosl et al. and other authors [16]. However, a significant proportion of patients were diagnosed at advanced stages, particularly among NSGCTs. This finding reflects a still-frequent diagnostic delay, often related to the trivialization of symptoms or confusion with benign conditions such as epididymitis [17][18]. Several studies have shown that such delays are directly associated with more advanced stages at diagnosis and poorer survival [16].

The histological distribution in our series showed an equal proportion of seminomas and NSGCTs (50% each), which differs slightly from classical data reporting a predominance of non-seminomatous forms [19][20]. This difference could be explained by the limited sample size and local epidemiological particularities. In accordance with the literature, seminomas were more frequently diagnosed at a localized stage, while NSGCTs were mostly revealed at metastatic stages [10].

Paraclinical evaluation relied on scrotal ultrasound, the reference examination with a sensitivity close to 100% for detecting testicular tumors [21], and on thoraco-abdomino-pelvic CT scan for staging [22]. Tumor markers (AFP, βHCG, and LDH) played an essential role in prognostic assessment, therapeutic monitoring, and relapse detection, in line with international recommendations [23].

Regarding treatment, all patients underwent inguinal orchiectomy, a fundamental procedure for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes [24][25]. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy, particularly the BEP protocol, was the main treatment for advanced forms, with results meeting international standards [26]. The absence of radiotherapy in our series reflects the current evolution of therapeutic strategies, aiming to reduce late complications, especially the risk of secondary cancers and infertility [27].

Outcomes were generally satisfactory, with a high rate of complete remission and overall survival comparable to that reported in major international series [16][28]. Nevertheless, patients with advanced-stage NSGCT had a more guarded prognosis, highlighting the importance of the IGCCCG prognostic classification in guiding treatment [4].

The limitations of this study lie mainly in its retrospective nature, small sample size, and lack of very long-term follow-up. However, it provides relevant local data on a rare pathology in our context and confirms the effectiveness of standard therapeutic protocols.

Testicular germ cell tumors primarily affect young men and have an excellent prognosis when diagnosed early and treated according to current guidelines. Diagnostic delay remains a major problem, particularly for non-seminomatous forms. Increased awareness among the population and healthcare professionals is essential to improve early diagnosis and prognosis.